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Kf]h g= *
!_ olb 1fg k|fKt u/L;s] kl5 a'4 elgG5 eg] , To; eGbf klxn] pgsf] gfd s] lyof] < pQ/ M a'4sf] kfl/jfl/s gfd uf}td lyof] . h;sf] dtnj pQd ufO{ elgG5 Tof] a]nf nlId egL ;Ddfg u/LGYof] pgnfO{ lbPsf] gfd l;4fy{ h;sf] dtna k'/f cy{ ePsf] hgfpF5 . cyjf Ps k|sf/sf] gfd h;n] cfkm\gf] 5f]/f nfO{ /fHo ;'lDklbg] OR5f ub{5 . k]h g=!@ @_ tkfO lgZro g} a'4 wd{nfO{ pRr 7fGg' x'G5 . s] tkfO{ a'4 wd{ dfq} ;To wd{ / aFfls c? wd{nfO ulNt dfGg' x'G5 < pQ/ M xf]Og, unt, a'4dflu{o h;n] a'4sf] lzIffnfO /fd|/L a'emsf] x'G5 .p;n] c? wd{nfO unt 7fGb}g . hf] s]fxLn] klg hfFr u/]/ x[bo vf]n]/ c? wd{ k|lt o:tf] ;f]Rb}g, c? wd{sf] cWoog ubf{ Pp6} s'/fdf Wofg lbpF ls lt slQsf] ;fdfGo 5 , ;a} wd{x?n] l:jsf/ u5{ ls dfgj hfltsf] cj:yf c;Gtf]if hgs 5 . ;a}nfO{ ljZjf; 5 ls olb dfga hfltsf] cj:yf lasfz ePsf] v08df aflg Jofjxf/ kl/jt{g ug'{ klg clt cfjZos 5 . ;a} wd{n] g}lts lzIff l;sfpF5 , h;df dfof, ddtf, ;xglzntf Tofu / ;dfh k|lt lhDd]jf/L / ;a} wd{n] tYotfnfO{ l:jsf/ ub{5 . ltlgx?n] dfq leGg leGg} efiff , gfd / lrGxsf] lj:t[t JofVof ub{5 . ha cfzlQm dflg;n] ;fgf] lrQn] lt a:t'nfO{ ljz]if ?kdf b]V5 , ta c;xglzntf 3d08L / cfkm' dfq} l7s eGg yfNb5 . sNkgf u/f}+ Ps c+u|hL, Ps km|]Gr , Ps lrgf, Ps O08f]g]lzog ;a}n] srf}/fnfO{ x]5{g\ / c+u|]hn] eG5 of] sk xf] . km|]Grn] eG5 xf]Og of] 6]:;] xf] To; kl5 lrgfn] eG5 tkfOx? b'j} unt of] k] xf] , cGTodf O08f]g]lzog dfG5] xfF;]5 / eg]5 slt d'v{ ltldx? of] t sjfg xf] . To; kl5 c+u|]hn] l8:g/L – zJbsf]if_ n]/fP/ b]vfP5 , d]/f] k|df0f 5 ls Tof] sk xf] . To;f] eP ltd|f] zJbsf]if unt 5 km|]Grn] eg]5 , lsgeg] d]/f] zJbsf]ifdf ;kmf ;Fu n]lvPsf] 5 of] 6]:;] xf] . lrgfn] lv:;L p9fFP/ eG5 d]/f] zJbsf]ifdf k] elg n]lvPsf] 5 / d]/f] zJbsf]if ltldx?sf] eGbf xhf/f}+ jif{ k'/fgf] xf] .To;}n] of] d]/f] g} l7s xf] w]/} dlg;x? c? efiff eGbf lrgLof efiff af]Nb5g\ To;}n] of] k] g} x'g' kb{5 . ha ltlgx? Efmu8f / ljjfb ug{ yfn] csf]{ Ps hgf dfG5] cfP/ srf}/f df kflg /fv]/ lkP5 / eg]5, ltldx? o;nfO{ sk, k], 6]:;] cyjf sjfg eG5f}+ t/ o;s]f p2]Zo kfgL /fv]/ lkpg' xf] . emu8f aGb u/ / kfgL lkp , ljjfb aGb u/ / Kof;nfO{ d]6fpm, xf] c? wd{x? k|lt log} x'g a'4dfuL{ox?sf] c;n Jofjxf/ . k]h g+= !# #_ sf]xL dflg;x? eG5g\ ;a} wd{x? ;dfg 5g\ . s] tkfO o;df ;xdtL x'g' x'G5 < pQ/ M ;a} wd{x? w]/} hl6n 5g\ , Pp6} zJbdf To;f] eGbf c;dfg b]lvG5g\ , a'4 dflu{x?sf] cg';f/ b'a} unt / ;To 5g\ . a'4 wd{df OZj/ 5}g eg] O;fO{ wd{df 5g\ . h;sf] dg z'4 x'G5 a'4 wd{df hf] sf]lxn] klg 1fg nfe ug{ ;S5g\, ha O;fO{ wd{df d'lQm ;+ej 5 h;n] OZj/ k|lt ljZjf; /fV5 , d]/f] ljrf/df lo cy{ k'0f{?kdf leGgf leGg} 5g\ . h]xf];\ O;fO{ wd{df clt /fd|f] k|;+u o; k|sf/sf 5g\ , olb d}n] dfG5] / b]jtfsf] efiff af]N5' t/ k|]d 5}g eg] d]/f] af]nL 306L ah]sf] jf 306Lsf] t/u+ h:t} x'G5 . olb d}n] eljZonfO hfg] / a'+em] / yfxf kfFP eg] olb d]/f] ljZjf;n] kxf8 g} xNnfpF5 eg] t/ d df k|]d 5}g eg] d sf]xL klg xf]Og . olb d}n] d]/f] clwsf/ ul/anfO{ lbPF eg] / d]/f] zl// cfTdf ;d{k0f u/L cfuf]df xf]dLP klg t/ d df k|]d 5}g eg] d}n] s]xL kfOg , k|]d ;xglzntf xf] , k|]d bofn'kg xf] o;df s'g} z+sf 5}g , o;df s'g} 3dl08kg 5}g / o;df s'g} cxdtf 5}g . k|]d k|]d c;dfg 5}g of] cfkm'df vf]hL ug]{ lrh xf] Tof] JoflQm l/;fxf 5}g o;df s'g} uNtL e/LPsf] 5}g, k|]d kfkdf /dfpFb}g t/ v'lzdf /dfpg] ub{5 . o;n] ;w}+ /Iff ljZjf; u5{ / ;w} b[9tf k'j{s nfuL /xG5 . of] ljNs'n l7s 5 h'g s'/f a'4 wd{n] klg l;sfpFb5 . k|ltxfo{ zlQm eljZojfl0fdf lgk'0{ftf, ljZjf; jf :j]R5frf/L x'g' eGbf xfd|f] x[bosf] clt pQd ;b u'0f g}} dxTj x'G5 . To;}n] hj O{Zj/ aflb wf/0ff / sfNkgLs a'4 wd{ / O;fO{ wd{ lgZro g} km/s /x]sf]5 . t/ ha ;b\u'0f g}lts / Jofjxf/sf] s'/f cfpF5 ,lt ;a} p:tf p:t} b]lvG5g\ . To;a]nf eg] c? wd{x?nfO / af}4 wd{nfO{ eg] ;dfg eGg ;lsG5 . k]h g+= !% $_ d}n] slxn] sfFlx ;'G5' ls a'4sf] lzIffnfO{ dlHemd dfu{ klg elgG5, To;sf] dtna s] x'g ;S5 < pQ/ M a'4n] lbg'ePsf] cfo{ ci6flu+s dfu{ To;sf] csf]{ gfd xf], dlHemd k|ltkbf To;sf] cy{ xf] dlHemd dfu{ of] w]/} dxTjk'0f{ 5 lsgeg] To;n] xfldnfO{ l;sfpF5 ls To;af6f]df dfq nfu]/ k'Ub}g, t/ xfldn] ljz]if Wofg/fvL k|of; ug'{k5{ . dflg;x? wd{ k|lt clt sl7gtfn] k|of; u5{ / cGTodf logLx? s§/ eP/ cfpF5g\ . a'4 wd{df k|of; ubf{ rflxg] htL ug'{ k5{ . h;n] ubf{ pu| aflb / c;+odL x'g'af6 aFrfp5 . k|flrg /f]dgx?n] klg eGg] ub{y] ;a} a:t'df ;Gt'i6 x'g' ,o;df a'4dflu{x? ;xdtL 5g\ . k]h !% %_ d}n] k9]+ ls a'4 wd{dfq Ps k|sf/sf] lxGb' wd{ xf] s] of] ;fFrf] xf] < pQ/ M xf]Og of] unt xf], a'4 wd{ / lxGb' wd{df w]/} g}lts larf/ wf/0fx? AfFl8Psf 5g\ b'a}df p:t} zJbx? Kf|of]u ePsf 5g\ h:t} sd{, ;dflw, / lg{jf0f lt zJbx? Eff/tdf pTklt ePsf x'g\ , o;n] ubf{ s]xL dflg;df ljrf/ cfpg ;S5g\ ls Tof] Pp6} xf] of w]/} ;dfg 5 . t/ ha xfldn] ;dfgtfnfO{ bfFh]/ x]¥of}+ eg] xfldn] lt wd{x?sf] lardf lgs} leGgtf b]Vb5f}+ . pbfx/0fsf] nfuL lxGb' wd{df O{Zj/df ljZjf; /fV5 eg], a'4 wd{n] O{Zj/df ljZjf; /fVb}g . lxGb' wd{sf] s]Gb|Lo ;dfhLs bz{g lzIff eg]sf] g} hftLo e]befj xf], h'g a'4 wd{n] clZjsf/ ug]{ ub{5 . lxGb' wd{df z'l4s/0fsf] clt cfjZos 5 t/ a'4 wd{df To;sf] nfuL s'g} 7fFp 5}g . a'4 wd{ u|Gyx?df a'4n] a|fX0f jf lxGb' k'hf/L] / unt larf/ k|lt ljkIfdf ;dfnf]rgf u/]sf] kfO{G5 , olb lxGb' wd{ / a'4 wd{ ;dfg ePsf of] af:tjdf x'g' gx'g' kg]{ xf] . k]h !^ ^_ s] a'4n] sd{sf] laifodf lxGb'sf] larf/nfO{ gSsn xf]Og / < pQ/ M lxGb' wd{n] sd{sf] / cjtf/sf] laifodf l;sfpF5 . To;f] eP klg lt b'O{ ljifo ;DaGwL a'4 wd{ ;Fu d]n vfFb}g , pbfx/0fsf] nfuL lxGb' wd{n] eG5 , xfldx? sd{df dfq} l;ldt 5f}+ t/ a'4 wd{n] eG5 sd{ kl/jt{glzn 5 . lxGb'wd{ cg';f/ dfG5] d/] kl5 cfTdf csf]{ hGddf ;5{ , t/ a'4 wd{df cgfTdfnfO{ ljZjf; ul/G5 . a'4 wd{df ha lg/Gt/ efjn] dfgl;stf kl/jt{g eO{ /xG5 Tof] g} gofF hGd xf] lo x'g a'4 / lxGb'wd{sf s]lx leGgtfx?, To;f]eP klg olb lxGb' / a'4 wd{ ;dfg ePsf] eP a'4n] larf/ g} gu/Lsg To;sf] gSsn ug'{ s'g} cfjZos kb}{g lyof] xf]nf . Ps k6s s'g} b'O JoflQmn] :jtGq ?kn] vf]hL ubf{ b'a}n] Ps} lsl;dsf] kQf] nufP, To;sf] l7s plrt pbfx/0fsf] nfuL , Pp6f qmflGtsf/L vf]hLnfO{ lnpF, ;g\ !*%* df The Origin of species lstfa 5fKg' eGbf klxn] rfN; 8flj{gn] csf]{ JoflQmsf] cNkm]8 ?;]Nkm8 jfn]; kQf nufP h'g ljsf; qmdsf] Pp6f qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g h:t} lyof] . 8fla{g / jfn]; b'a}n] s;}sf] gSsn u/]sf lyPgg\ t/ b'a}s]f cWoogsf] lgZsif{ Pp6} lyof] . To;}n] olb lxGb' / a'4 wd{df sd{ / gofF hGdsf] wf/0ff ;dfg eP Ps cfk;df gSsn ug'{ kb}{g lyof], ljkK;gf Wofg åf/f ;TotfnfO{ b]Vb5 . lxGb' Clifx?sf] sd{ / gofF hGdsf] ljifodf c:ki6 wf/0ff lyof] h'g s'/f kl5 a'4n] :ki6 / cem al9 l7s t/Lsfn] a'emfpg' ePsf] lyof] . k]h g+= #! &_ s] r'/f]6 vfgfn] k~rlznsf] kfFrf} lzn lau|G5 < pQ/ M r'/f]6 vfgfn] cjZo klg :j:ysf] nfuL xfgLsf/s 5 t/ To;sf] dfgl;s c;/ eg] w]/} sd 5 r'/f]6 vfg ;lsG5 t/ xf]l;of/ eP/ cfkm'n] cfkm'nfO{ j;df /fVg ;Sg'k5{ . To;}n] r'/f]6 vfg' cg'lrt ePklg k~rlznsf] kfFrf}lznnfO{ lju|fb}g . k]h g+= #$ *_ gofF hGd kl5 klxn]sf] cfTd jf d csf]{ gofF z/L/df ;5{ s] of] ;To xf] < pQ/ M a'4 wd{ cg';f/ of] c;To xf], af:tjdf a'4sf] lzIff cg';f/ cfTdfdf ljZjf; /fVg' g} e|ddf kg'{ xf] . h'g 3dl08sf] sf/0fn] cfTd jf d eGg] x'G5 / emg a9\b} hfG5, ha xfldn] cfTdf 5}g eg]/ b]V5f}+ , ta :jfyL{efj , cxdefj / d, d]/f] eGg] s'/f lanfP/ hfG5 . Ps JoflQm 7f]; kbfy{ xf]Og t/ auL/x]sf] vf]nf ;dfg xf] . k]h #% (_ Tof] ;'Gbf c;dfg nfU5, olb d 5}g eg] ToFxf s'g} JolQmTj /xb}g / olb JolQm g} 5}g eg] s;/L gofF hGd x'g ;S5 < pQ/ M Tof] (% aif{ k'/fg] km'6an l6d h:t} xf] To; calwdf ;of}+ hgf v]nf8Lx? s]flx % aif{ / !) aif{ ;Dd v]n] slt lg:s] / gofF v]nfl8x? cfP To;f] ePklg s'g} gofF v]nf8L afFsL /x]g jf lh+pbf] /x]gg\ t/ klg Tof] km'6an l6d eg] cem klg afFls g} 5 . kl/jt{gsf] afjh't klg To;sf] JoflQmj cem} afFls /x]sf] 5 . v]nfl8x?n] s8f d]xgt u/]sf lyP t/ s;n] ubf{ ltgsf] JoflQmj afFls /x\of] . ltgsf] gfd klxn] k|utLsf] :d/0f , v]nfl8x?sf] cg'ej / bz{sx?sf] ;d{yg cflb afFls /Xof] / JoflQx? Klg p:t} ;dfg 5g\ . xfd| zl// / dg ;w}+ kl/jt{g eO /xG5 of] tYo ePtf klg eGg ;lsG5 ls , dfG5]sf] goFf hGd hf] d/] kl5 x'g] ub{5 . d eg] kl/at{g eP/ Ps JoflQmaf6 csf]{df ;g]{ xf]Og ls JoflQmsf] lg/Gt/ abnL/xg] :d/0f,:jefj, dfgl;stf / dg]flj1fg, O{R5fsf] sf/0fn] kl/at{g x'G5 . !)_ olb xfdL klxn] klg hGd]sf lyof}+ eg] lsg xfldnfO{ k'j{ hGdsf] ofb ePg t < pQ/ M sf]xL dflg;x? k'j{ hGdsf] ofb ug{ ;S5g\ . w]/} h;f] aRrf a]nfdf t/ w]/} h;f] dflg;n] ofb ug{ ;Sb}g, lsgsL To;df w]/} sf/0fx? x'g ;S5g\, ;fob ( dlxgf ;Dd ue{df a;]/ hGd x'Fbf ;a} :d/0f zlQm d]l6;s]sf] x'G5 cyjf k|foM h;f] :d/0f zlQm d]l6;Sg]5 . ;fob gofF gofF r]tgfn] wSsf lbP/ hGd x'g' ( dlxgf ue{df a:bf w]/} h;f] r]tgf d]6L;s]sf] x'G5 . klxn]sf :d/0f zlQmx? x/fO{;s]sf] x'G5 . k]h g+= #% / #^ !!_ s] xfd|f] ;w} dfG5] g} eP/ hGd x'G5 < pQ/ M xf]Og , xfld hGd x'g] 7fFp w]/} 5 , sf]xL dflg;x? :ju{ eg] sf]xL gs{, / sf]xL k|]t cflb eP/ hGd x'G5 . :ju{ eGgfn] s'g} 7fFp xf]Og hxfF dfgl;s / ef}lts ?kdf ;'vsf] cg'ej x'G5 , tL ;a} kl/jt{glznx? Gf} clgTo :ju{ xf] . hxfF lhjg / d[To' x'G5, / gofF hGd dfG5] eP/ hGd x'G5 gs{ klg p:t} xf] h'g 7Ffp g} xf]Og t/ hxfF dfgl;s / ef}lts ?kdf b'Mv / lk8f ef]Ug' kg]{ x'G5 . k|]t eP/ hGd lng' kg]{ 7fFp hxfF ef}lts z/L/ x'G5 / dfgl;s ?kdf b'Mv / c;Gt'i6L ef]uL /xg' kg]{ x'G5 To;}n] :ju{jf;LnfO{ dfq ;'vsf] cg'ej x'G5 eg] gs{ afl;nfO{ b'Mv lk8f em]Ng' kg]{ x'G5 / dg'io lhjgdf b'a} ld;LP/ cfPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] dg'io nf]s / c? nf]ssf] leGgtf eg]sf] ef}lts / ;b\u'0fsf] cg'ej ug'{ xf] . k]h g+= #^ !@_ tkfO{n]] gs{ af;Lsf] s'/f eGg' eof], To;f]eP s] a'4dflu{ox?n] gs{sf] ljZjf; u5{g t < pQ/ M olb tkfOsf] dtnj gs{ s'g} 7fFp eP hxfF /L;fn' OZj/n] ;a} eQm hgx?nfO ˆoflslbG5g\ h;n] p;nfO{ dfGb}g / ;bfsf] nfuL ;hfo lbG5g\ eg] Tof] gs{ xf]Og . a'4 wd{ cg';f/ o:tf ljrf/wf/f nfO cfqm]lzt / abnfsf] kl/0ffd dfGg ;lsG5 . a'4 wd{ cg';f/ lg/o, ckfo, gs{ xf] . To;sf] cy{ gf; / gf]S;fg xf] . l/; jf :jy{ dfG5]sf] dfgl;stfdf pTkGg x'g] ub{5 To;}n] o:tf] cg'ej ;lhn} l;t gs/fTds eP/ cfpF5 . a'4 eGg'x'G5 M d'v{x? eG5g gs{ ;d'b| d'gL 5 , t/ d eG5' gs{ b'Mvsf] csf]{ Pp6f gfd xf] . Pp6f pbfx/0f 8/fPsf] dfG5]n] eo if8oGq, ljZjf;3ft rf/}lt/ b]Vg] ub{5 t/ Tof] slx+ klg 5}g z+sf ug'{, 8/fpg', / b'Mlvt x'g' Tof] p;sf] dgsf] dgzfo dfq xf] . s;}n] p;nfO{ t'ngf jf gs/fTds bf]iff/f]k0f u/]sf] 5}g Tof] t o;n] cfkm}n] pJhfPsf] Pp6f e|d dfq xf] . Tof] eGbf klg To:tf dlg;x? ;w}e/L gs/fTds dfgl;stf cfkm}n] g} pTklt u/fpFb5g\ . To;}n] a'4 wd{ cg';f/ gs{ ;bf /xg] 7fFp cdtf-cd/_ xf]Og xfld To;nfO{ ;w} kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5f}+ . k]h #* !@_ s] Tof] ;+ej 5, o; hGddf lrlgPsf] JolQmnfO{ csf]{ hGddf klg e]6\g ;lsG5 < pQ/ M ;+ej 5 , Ps ;dodf a'9f a'9L , >Ldfg >LdtL hf] ljjfx u/L a;]sf] w]/} eO;Sof], ltgLx? Ps cfk;df w]/} dfof ub{y], s;}n] Ps lbg a'9fnfO{ ;f]w]5, s] ltldx? o; hGddf h:tf] eO a;]sf 5f} s] ltldx? csf]{ hGddf klg o:t} eO{ a:g rfxG5f} . a'4n] eGg'eof] olb ltgLx?sf] a}jflxs alnof] / p:t} ljZjf; ;b\u'0f Tofu efjgf / cfk;df /fd|f] ;dembf/L 5 eg] To]f x'g ;Sb5 . s'g} b'O{ e]6 x'G5g\ / t'?Gt} a}jflxs ;DjGw ufF;]/ ulx/f] ;DaGw agfp5g\ To:tf nfO a'4 wd{ cg';f/ pgLx?sf] k'j{ hGd ;Fu ;DaGwLt ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 of] klg Ps gofF hGdsf] Ps ;s/fTds kIf xf] . To;}n] b'O{ JoflQmsf] jGwg d[To' kl5 klg /xG5 .
k]h %!
!#_ clu tkfO{n] eGg' ePsf] s?0ff / k|]d sf] cy{ ldNbfh'Nbf x'g ls cyjf km/s 5g\ < pQ/ M ;fob lt b'O Ps csf{sf ;Fu ;DaGwLt 5g\ eGbf /fd|f] x'G5 . c+u|hLdf k|]d (Love) eGg] zAb nfO ljleGg tl/sfn] JofVof ug]{ ul/G5 , h:t} nf]Ug] / :jf:gLsf] k|]d, cfdf a'jf / 5f]/f 5f]/L larsf] k|]d, ;flyx? Kf|ltsf] k|]d , l5d]sLx? Kf|ltsf] k|]d cflb, lt cg'ejn] k|i6 s] b]vfpF5 eg] ltlgx? Ps cfk;df km/s 5g\ t/ ;a}s'/f Ps} zJbdf k|]dsf] gfd lbg ;lsG5 . lt s'/f s] s] x'g eg] ha xfld s;}nfO{ k|]d u5f}{ eg] p k|lt ghLs x'g] O{R5f hfu]/ cfpg] ub{5 . s'g} a]nf s;}n] xldnfO{ x}/fg u/] klg b'Mv lbP klg / p;n] g/fd|f] efjgf /fv] klg xfld p k|lt ;sf/fTds x'g' klg xfldn] p k|lt u/]sf] Pp6f k|]]d g} xf] lsgsL xfldn] pgsf] ;dfhLs ;]jfnfO{ Wofg lbPsf x'G5f}+ . k|]d eg]sf] Ps csf{ lars]f ulx/f] ;DaGw, bofn' / c? k|lt lrGtg ug'{ klg xf] . slxn] sfFxL xfldnfO{ klg o:t} k|sf/sf] cg'ej c? k|lt hfu]/ cfpg] ub{5 . a'4sf] cg';f/ xfldn] klg o;/L g} ;a} k|f0fLx? K|flt k|]d / ;b\efj /fVg' kb{5 . a'4 eGg'x'G5, “ h;/L cfdfn] cfˆgf] k|f0fsf] jf:tf gu/L PSnf] 5f]/fsf] /Iff ul5{g To;/L g} Psn] csf{nfO{ ;d:t k|fl0f x? k|lt cl;d k|]d /fVg'k5{” a'4 wd{df cl;d k|]dnfO{ d]Qf elgG5 ha xfld s;}sf] b'Mv lk8fsf] ;fdgf u5f}{ ta k|]dsf] ;DaGw :ki6 eP/ hfu]/ s?0f agL cfpg] ub{5 . To;}n] s?0ff eg]sf] c?sf] b'MvnfO{ b]v]/ dgdf k|]d hfUg' xf] . k]h %@ !$_ d]/f] ljrf/df tkfO bofn' / enfb\dL eP ;a} dlg;x? tkfOsf] kl5 nU5g\ xf]Og / < pQ/M l7s xf] / of] ;+ej klg 5 t/ ltld :jyL{ / 3[l0ft eP klg of] x'G5 lsgeg] ToxfF ;w} e/L ltdL eGbf 3[l0ft JoflQmx? x'g ;S5g\ To;sf] s'g} Uof/]G6L eg] 5}g . h] eP klg hasf]xL dflg;af6 ltd|f] /fd|f] kmn kfof] eg] ltldnfO{ ;DemG5g\ / ;Tsf/ ug]{ ub{5 . ltd|f] ;w}+ e/L w]/} ;flyx? Kflg x'G5g\ / c;xof]uL eGbf ;xof]uL ldqx? a9L x'G5g\ . clg ltdL lsg cfkm'n] cfkm'nfO dg k/fp5f}+ hals w]/} dfG5]x?nfO{ ltdL dg k/fpFb}gf} . Wofg !_ Wofg s] xf] < pQ/ M–Wofg eg]]sf] r]tgf k'0f{ k|of;n] lrQsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ b]Vg' xf] . kfnL efifdf WofgnfO{ efjgf elgG5 . h;sf] cy{ a[l4 ug'{ cyf{t lasf; ug'{ xf] . @_ Wofg dxTjk'0f{ 5 ls 5}g < pQ/ M–dxTjk'0f{ 5, lsgeg] xfldn] htL k|of; u/L c;n JolQm x'g rfx] klg t[i0ffnfO{ lg{d'n ug{ ;lsPg eg] xfld kl/j{tg x'g sl7g 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nfuL Ps hgf >Ldfgn] cfˆgf] >LdtLnfO{ cab]vL slxNo} klg cfqmf]lzt x'Gg elg afrf u/] t/ ! 306f kl5 >Ldfg cfˆgf] >LdtL k|lt 7'nf] :j/n] lrRofo]f lsgeg] xf]; geP/ c1fgtf a; l/; p7\of] To;}n] Wofgsf] ;fxfotfn] :d[lt zlSt a9fp5 / dfgl;s :jefjnfO kl/jt{gdf Nofpg Wofg cEof; cfjZostf kb{5 .
#_ d}n] ;'g]sf] 5' ls Wofg vt/f klg x'g ;S5, s] of] ;fFrf] xf] < pQ/ M afFRg xfldnfO{ g'g rflxG5 , t/ olb ltldn] ! lsnf] g'g Ps}rf]6L vfof} eg] ;+ejt dg{ klg ;S5f} , clxn]sf] gofF hdfgfdf df]6/ ufl8s]f cjZostf 5 t/ olb ltldn] 6«lkms lgod kfngf u/]gf} eg] jf olb /lS; lkP/ ufl8 rnfPdf Tof] df]6/ Pp6f vt/gfs lrh aGg k'U5 . Wofg klg o:t} xf] ;'v / dfgl;s :jf:y /xg of] cfjZos 5 . t/ olb uNtL af6f] ckgfO Wofg ug]{ cEof; u/]df of] vt/f klg x'g ;S5 / To;n] w]/} ;d:of k}bf klg u/fpg ;S5 . sfxL dfG5] x? pbflzg / dfgl;s tgfjn] u|:t x'G5g\ . ltlgx? ;f]R5g sL Tof] Wofg åf/f lgsf] x'G5 elg Wofg ug{ yfN5 t/ cj:yf emg lju|LP/ hfG5 , olb o:tf] ;d:of cfPdf t'?Gt of]Uo / hfg]sf] JoflQmsf] ;fxfotf lng' kb{5 / To;kl5 Wofg ug'{ plrt x'G5 . sf]lx dflg;x? qmdzM Ps b'O k6s u/L Wofg ug'{ kg]{df clt ulxl/P/ k|of; ub{5g , nfdf] ;do ;Dd ub{5g\ / cGltddf ylst x'G5g\ . w]/} h;f] Wofgsf] ;d:of eg]sf] s+u? Wofg (Kangaroo Mediation) xf] . sf]xL dflg;x? Ps u'? sxfF hfG5g\ s]xL ;do pxfFsf] t/Lsf cg';f/ Wofg u5{g Ps xKtf kl5 Ps hgf gfdL Wofg u'? To; ;x/df cfO k'U5g\ / pxfFsf] ljrf/ cg';f/ Wofg ug{ z'? ub{5g\ . o;/L z'? b]vL nfdf] ;do ;Dd lg/f; eP/ cndNndf kb{5g\ / s+uf? Hf:t} pkm|L/x]sf] x'G5 . Ps hgf Wofg u'?af6 csf]]]{ jf Ps t/Lsfaf6 csf]{ ug'{ g} unt xf] t/ olb ltdLdf s'g} dfglzs ;d:of 5}g eg] / Wofgdf nfuL /fd|/L k|of; u/]df of] g} ;aeGbf plrt / ltdL cfkm}sf] nfuL pkof]uL x'g]5 . $_ Wofg slt k|sf/sf 5g\ < pQ/ M a'4n] w]/} lsl;dsf] Wofg atfpg' ePsf] 5 x/]sfdf leGgf leGg} b'Mv lgjf/0f jf lrQ lasf;sf] nfuL atfpg' ePsf] xf] . t/ To; dWo]df @ lsl;dsf Wofg eg] clt k|rlnt 5g\ . tL cfgfkfgf ;lt / d]Qf efjgf x'g\ . %_ olb d}n] cfgfkfgf ;lt Wofg ug{ rfx] eg] s;/L ug]{ < pQ/ M ltldn] klxnf $ k|sf/sf ;fw/0f lalw ckgfpg ;S5f} . lt x'g s_ 7fFp v_ a:g] t/Lsf u_ Wofg 3_ ;d:ofx? . s_ ;a} eGbf klxnf plrt 7fFp cfjZos 5 , s'g} sf]7f jf cfjfh gcfpg] 7fFp , hxFf ltldnfO{ s'g} cj/f]w x'b}g . v_ /fd|f] / ;lhnf] kgn] a:g] cf;gdf rs6L /fv]/ a:g] , 9fF8 l;wf u/L a:g], bfFof xft afFof xftdfly /fvL sfvdf ;lhnf] ;Fu /fVg] / cfFvf aGb ug]{ / To;kl5 Wofg z'? ug]{ . zfGt ;Fu cfFvf aGb u/L ;s] kl5 :jf; leq / aflx/ uPsf]nfO Wofg lbg] / :jf; leq / aflx/ uPsf]nfO k]6 km'n]sf] / ;'s]s]f x]/]/ uGg ;lsG5 . To;/L u/L ;s] kl5 ljleGg ;d:ofx? pTklt eP/ cfFp5 . z/L/ e/L lrnfpg yfNb5, 3'F8f b'Vg yfNb5 To;f] eP klg zl// gxNnfOsg :jf; leq / aflx/ uPs]fnfO Wofg lbg] . ;+ejt ltlddf cg]s larf/x? lbdfudf 3':g ;Sb5 / Wofg cGt} lt/ nfg ;Sb5, To;f] ePdf ltldn] la:tf/ cfˆgf] :j; k|:jf; lt/ Nofpg' kb{5 , obL o;/L ub]{ uof] eg] ltd|f lrGtg larf/x? lj:tf/} sdhf]/ eP/ hfG5, / ltd|f] ;dfwL alnof] eP/ cfpF5 / cGTodf ltd|f] leq} b]lvsf] dfgl;stf / z/L/ clt zfGt / ;'v bfos x'G5 . ^_ d}n] slt nfdf] ;do ;Dd Wofg ug'{ kb{5 . pQ/ M x/]s lbg !% ldg]6 Wofg a:g] ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 . o;/L % ldg]6 b]vL $% ldg]6 ;Dd Wofg ug{ klg ;lsG5 . o;/L nuftf/ x/]s lbg Wofg ub}{ hfFbf cfˆgf] ;dfwL /fd|f] ePsf] cfkm}n] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . &_ d]Qf efjgf Wofg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < pQ/ M cfgfkfgf ;lt Wofgsf] ;'kl/rLt eO ;s] kl5 / nfuftf/ k|of; u/L ;s] k5L d]Qf efjgf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;a eGbf klxnf cfkm'n] cfkm'nfO a;df /fVg] jf Wofg lbP/ dg dg} cfkm}n] cfkm'nfO o;/L eGg ;lsG5 – dnfO{ ;'vL xf];\ dnfO{ zfGt xf];\ dnfO{ b'Mv af6 d'St xf];\ d]/f] dg bf]if af6 d'St xf];\ d]/f] dg d]Qfn] –k|]dn]_ e/Lof];\ , dnfO{ ;'v xf]; eGb} Ps Ps hgf u/]/ ckm'nfO{ dg kg]{ JoflQmnfO{ ;Demg] / To;kl5 ;dfg JolQmnfO clg g t dg k/]sf] g t dg gk/]sf] JolQmnfO ;Demg] / cGTodf dg gk/]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;Dem]/ ;a}s]f ;'lv / lg/f]uL lhjg ljtf]; eg]/ sfdgf ug]{ . *_ o:tf] lsl;dsf] Wofg ugf{n] s] kmfObf x'G5 < pQ/ M olb ltldn] d]Qf efjgf c6'6 ?kdf ub}{ nUof} jf 7Ls t/Lsfn] u¥of} eg] ltld cfkm}df ;s/fTds kl/jt{g cfpg] ub{5, l:jfsfg{ ;Sg] Ifdtf / cfkm'n] cfkm}nfO dflkm ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf x'G5 / cfˆgf] k|]dLx? nfO klg dfof a9\b} hfG5 . laleGg lsl;dsf dfG5]x? ;Fu klg t'?Gt} ;fly agfpg ;lsG5 / ltd|f] zq' jf s;};Fu qmf]w cflb ePdf Tof] lgd'{n eP/ hfG5, slxn] sfFlx olb lrg] hfg]sf] JoflQm hf] w]/} lj/fld b'MvL b/Lb| 5g\ eg] d]Qf efjgf eP/ ltlgx?sf] cj:yfnfO xn ePsf] klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . (_ o:tf] s;/L ;+ej 5 < pQ/ M lrQ . ha z'4 lrQn] k|of; ub}{ uof] eg] dfgl;s zlSt a9\5, olb xfldn] xfd|f] dfgl;s zlStnfO ckgfof}+ eg] To;n] c?k|lt c;/ ug{ ;S5, o:tf] cg'ej cfkm}df x'G5 ,;+ejtM ltld Pp6} sf]7fdf w]/} dflg;x? lar al;/x]sf] 5 / Ps hgf dfG5]n] ltldnfO x]/L/x]sf] 5 , ltdL otf ptf kms]{/ x]bf{ b]Vb5f} ls ltdLnfO{ sf]lx dflg;n] x]/L /x]sf]5 . To] s;/L ePsf] xf] eg], ltldn] Tof] dfG5]sf] dfgl;s zlStnfO tfGg ;s]s]f sf/0fn] xf] , o;}nfO nfO g} d]Qf efjgf eGg ;lsG5 . xfldn] ;s/fTds dfglzs zlSt pJhgL u/]/ Ps cfk;df af9\g ;lsG5 . !)_ s] c? lsl;dsf Wofgx? klg 5g\ < pQ/ M w]/} g} 5g\ , cGTodf ;+ejt w]/} dxTjk'0f{ Wofg ljk:;gf xf], o;sf] cy{ xf] ,leqsf] nfuL b]Vg' cyjf ulx/LP/ b]Vg' / o;nfO ljk:;gf Wofg elgG5 . !!_ To;f]eP ljk:;gf Wofg s] x]f < pQ/ M ljk:;gf ubf{, h] ;'s}eP klg, ljrf/ / ljrf/ pTklt k|lt s]lx k|lts[of glbO xf];df /xg' g} ljk:;gf xf] . !@_ o;s]f p2]Zo s] xf] < pQ/ M xfldn] k|foM h;f] dg k/]sf] / dg gk/]sf] cg'e'lt åf/f cg'ej ub{5f}+ cyjf cgfjZos larf/ , lbFp;} ;kgf b]Vg] jf sNkgf ug]{ , lolgx?sf] k|ltqm[of åf/f xfldn] b]Vg] cg'ejnfO{ c:ki6 / cgy{ u/LlbG5 . o;/L xf]; /fvL lagf k|lts[of åf/f xfldn] b]V5f}+ ls lsg xfld ljrf/ u5f}{, lsg xfld af]Nb5f}+ lsg xfld To;f] ub{5f}+, lgiro g} cfkm'n] a'em]sf] 1fgn] hLjgdf ;s/fTd/ kl/jt{g NofpF5 . csf]{ kmfObf eg]sf] cfˆgf] cg'ej / cfkm'lardf cGt/ k}bf ub{5 , ta xfd|f] k|ltlqmof xf]; of a]xf]; k|nf]eg jf ckdfg eP klg xfldn] clnslt eP klg To; af6 kl5 x6\g ;S5f}+ o;/L plrt jf cg'lrtnfO{ b]v]/ l7s af6f] ckgfO cuL a9\g ;S5f}+ o;/L xfd|f] hLjgdf w]/} ;xglzntfn] 7fFp lnG5 ,å]if efjn] xf]Og ls , t/ ;fw/0ftof xfdLn] cem al9 ;kmf ;Fu b]V5f}+ . !#_ To;f] eP s] ljk:;gf Wofgn] al9 /fd|f] / ;'lv hLjg ljtfpg ;xof]u lbG5 t < pQ/ M Tof] dfq w/} dxTjk'0f{ z'?jft xf], t/ ljk:;gf Wofgsf] p2]Zo Tof] eGbf pRr 5 . ha xfd|f] Wofg kSsf / ulx/f] x'b}+ hfG5 , ta xfldn] cg'ej ug{ ;S5f} ls of] ;'v xf] t/ JolQmut xf]Og, of] d lagf g} x'G5 , / d 5}g egL cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5, z'?df Wofg ubf{ Tof] ;'?jftsf] b[io xf] t/ Tof] kl5 uP/ cem al9 :ki6 eP/ cfpF5 . !$_ of] ;'Gbf t w]/} 8/ nfUbf] kf] 5 gL < pQ/M xf] 8/ nfUbf] 5 xf]Og t , / ;fRr}F eGg] xf] eg] , sf]xL dflg;x?n] o:tf] cg'ej u5{, ltlgx? clnslt 8/fpF5g\ t/ a'em\b} cfpF5g\ To]f ;a} x/fpb} hfG5g\ . lsgls ltgLx? ;w}+ el/P/ cfpg] a:t'x? elg b]lvG5 . o;/L g} 3dl08kg lj:tf/} x/fpFb} hfG5 clg d / d]/f] eGg] ;a} ljnfP/ hfG5, ;fFRr} of] g} a'4dflu{ox?sf] tfTko{ xf] . ;fFRr} g} ltlgx?sf] b[i6Lsf]0f kl/jt{g x'g yfNb5g\ , o;f] ljrf/ ubf{ x/]sf JoflQm ;dfh / ljijdf x'g] emu8fsf] h/f] g} 3dl08, hflto e]befj, jf b]z eQm x'g' uNtL xf] . wDsL / /f]bg :j/n] lrRrfP/ of] d]/f] xf], of] xfd|f] xf] eGg' uNtL xf] . a'4 wd{ cg';f/ ;fFRr}s]f ;'v / zflGt eg]sf] ha xfldn] cfˆgf] c;nL JoflQmTj kQf nufp5g\ Tof] xf], cx{Gt -1fg k|fKt x'g'_ . !%_ Tof] w]/} /fd|f] ljrf/ xf] t/ ;fy} 8/ klg nfU5 . olb cfk'm eGg]g} 5}g eg] cx{Gt ePsf] dfG5]n] s;/L lagf JoflQm sfd ug{ ;S5 < pQ/ M /fd|f] ljrf/ ,cx{Gt ePsf] dfG5]n] xfldnfO{ ;f]Wg ;S5 ls d eGg] g} 5}g eg] ltld s;/L sfd u5f}{ , s;/L ltd|f] / c?sf] b'Vv, lk8f, Oiof{, 3dl08 ;xg ;S5f} . ltldnfO{ slxn] klg lbSs nfUb}g ls d c? eGbf /fd|f] JoflQm , c? eGbf cuf8L 5' egL ef}tf/L+ /xFbf h'g ls Ps lbg ltldn] ;a} u'dfpg k5{, To;f] eP cx{Gt JolQm zfGt / l7s 7fFpdf l7s hLjg ljtfO/x]sf] 5 of] ;a} ltld xfdL g} xf}+ hf] cx{Gt ePsf 5}gf} dfq ;d:ofx? pJhfp5g\ . !^_ d}n] tkfOn] eGg' ePsf] a'+em] t/ cx{Gt x'gsf] nfuL slt nfdf] ;do ;Dd Wofg a:g'k5{ . pQ/ M of] eGg' c;+ej 5 t/ of] ;+ejt l7s} 5 . clg ltldn] lsg clxn] b]vL g} Wofg a:g z'? gu/]sf] t < clg x]/f}+ Wofgn] ltdLnfO{ sxfF ;Dd k'¥ofp5 . olb d]xgt u/]/ ,a'4Ldfg k'j{s Wofg u¥of} eg], lhjgdf cToflws k|utL cfpF5 / To; ;dodf Wofg / wd{sf] ljifodf /x]/ vf]h u/ kl5 Tof] g} ltd|f] lhjgdf dxTjk'0f{ ljifo eP/ cfpF5 . Wofg z'?ug'{ eGbf klxnf s'g} ljrf/ gu/L jf s'g} pRr :t/df k'Ug] cfzf gu/L Ps rf]6L kfO{nf cuf8L ;f/f}+ . !&_ s] Wofg l;Sg dnfO{ u'?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 < pQ/ M kb}{g , t/ JoflQmut ?kdf Wofgsf] ljifodf hfg]sf] JoflQmaf6 ;xof]u ln+bf clt ;xof]u ldNg]5 . cefUoa; sf]xL leIf' jf pk;s, pkfl;sfx? Wofg u'? eP/ l;sfpFb5 hjls pgLx?nfO yfxf 5}g, pgLx? s] ub}{5g\ eg]/ . Wofg ljifodf /fd|/L hfg]sf] a'em]sf] Wofg u'?af6 l;Sg' kb{5 h;n] ubf{ a'4sf] lzIffnfO{ :ki6 / cem glhs agfOlbG5 . !*_ cfhsfn lrlsT;s / dgf]a}1flgsx?n] Kflg w]/} g} Wofg ug{ yfn]sf 5g\, s] of] ;fFrf] xf] < pQ/ M ;fFrf] xf] , clxn] dfglzs /f]uaf6 lkl8t ePsfnfO{ w]/} g} Wofgsf] cfjZostf ePsf] 5 / ljleGg Jofj;fon] dfgl;s tgfanfO{ x6fpg / ck|dfbL -a]xf];L_ af6 aRg Wofgsf] ;fxfotf lng] u/]sf 5g\ . a'4n] atfpg' ePsf] Wofg cfhsf] dflg;sf] lrQnfO hlt k|efj k/]sf] 5 TotL g} k/fk'j{s sfndf klg lyof] . leIf' / leIf'0fLx? !_ a'4 wd{df wfld{s cWoog ;+:yfsf] dxTj 5 , leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] p2]Zo s] xf] / plgx?nfO s] s] ug'{ kb{5 < pQ/ M a'4n] agfpg' ePsf] leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] p2]Zo plrt / zfGt aftfj/0f ePsf] 7fFp agpg' xf], h;n] ubf{ Wofg efjgf ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 , pkfzs / pkflzsfx?n] leIf' leIf'0fLx?nfO{ rflxg] cfjZos a:t' k'¥ofO{ lbG5 , h:t} cfxf/, nufpg] rLj/, a:g] 7fFp / cf}ifwL ,h;n] ubf{ pgLx?n] Wofg efjgf / cWoog ug{ 6]jf ldNb5 . wd{ljgosf] kfngf / ;/n lhjg ljtfpg Wofg / zflGtsf] lgs} pkof]uL x'G5 . To;sf] abnf leIf' leIf'0fL x?n] cfkm'n] hfg]sf] wd{ pgLx?nfO{ l;sfOlbG5g\ / cfkm' klg c;n a'4 dflu{ ag]/ plrt pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf /xG5g\ . ;fFRr} eGg' kbf{ s]xL :t/df km/s b]lvG5g\ , / of] g} a'4sf] cfsf+Iff klg xf] , clxn] cfP/ leIf' leIf'0fLx? :s'ndf k9fp5g\ . sf]xL ;dfhLs ;]jf nfu]sf 5g\ eg] sf]xL snfsf/, sf]xL lrlsT;s / sf]xL /fhg}lts lt/ klg nfu]sf 5g\ . sf]xL eG5g\ olb a'4 wd{ k|rf/ x'G5 eg] To;f] x'g' klg l7s} 5 t/ sf]xL eG5g\ To;f] x'g'df leIf' / leIf'0fLx? ;lhn} ;Fu ;+;f/Ls ;d:of lt/ 9Nsg klg ;S5g\ . hjsL pgLx? Kflxnf] k6s ljxf/ hfFbf, s] p2]Zo lnP/ uPsf lyP, Tof] ltgLx?n] ljl;{lbG5g\ . @_ s:tf] k|sf/sf] JolQm leIf' jf leIf'0fL aG5g\ < pQ/ M w]/} lsl;dsf dflg;x?nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf O{R5fx? x'G5 h:t} kfl/jf/Ls lhjg sfd rfxgf, /fhg}lts , wd{ cflb , lt dWo]df w]/} h;f] kfl/jf/Ls lhjg / sfddf a9L Wofg /fV5g\ c? rfFlx To;df sd} Wofg lbG5g\ h;n] a'4sf] lzIffnfO cWoog / Wofg efjgf u5{ eg] . p;sf] lhjgdf Tof] g} ;a}eGbf dxTjk'0f{ x'G5 . ha ;a} lrh j:t' nfO{ Tofu]/ cnu cnu x'G5 To:tf dfG5]nfO ;fob leIf' jf leIf'0fL aGg] OR5f x'G5 . #_ cx{Gt x'gnfO s] leIf' jf leIf'0fL g} aGg' k5{ < pQ/ M cj:o kb}{g, s]lx a'4sf cu|>fjsx? u[x:yL lyP , sf]xLn] leIf'x?nfO Wofg ;d]t l;sfpg ;Sy] . a'4 wd{nfO a'em\g' clt cfjZos 5 / leIf' a:q nufPklg lhg kfOG6nufP klg To;df s]xL klg km/s 5}g . cyjf s]fxL 3/df jf ljxf/df a;] klg , sf]xL ljxf/df a:5g\ To;s]f kmfObf jf a]kmfObf plrt aftfj/0fdf a;]/ Wofg efjgf ug'{g} xf] . sf]xL 3/d} a:5g\ b'Mv / ;'v ePklg Tof] g} plgx?sf] nfuL plrt 7fFp x'G5, To;}n] ;a} dfG5]df leGgtf 5 .


$_ lsg leIf' / leIf'0fLx? Kf+x]nf] a:q nufpF5g\ < pQ/ M k|flrgsfndf ha ef/tLox? H+fundf a:5g\ / ltlgx?nfO yfxf 5 ls , s'g ?vsf] kft klxnf em5{ eg]/ lsg eg] Tof] kft ls t k+x]nf] jf ;'Gtnf /+usf] jf v}/f] b]lvG5, To;sf] kl/0ffd Tof] a]nfsf] ef/tdf k+x]nf] /+usf] cy{ g} u[x Tofu ug'{sf] cy{ lbG5 . To;}n] leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] rLj/sf] k+x]nf] x'g' g} s'g} lrh a:t' k|lt cfzlQm gx'g' xf] kl/jt{g x'g glbg / Tofu ug'{ o;sf] cy{ xf] . %_ leIf' / leIf'0fLx?n] skfn v}f/g'sf] p2]Zo s] xf] < pQ/ M w]/} h;f] xfdL cfkm\gf] b[i6L z/L/nfO{ Wofg lbG5f} / laif]z u/L skfn nfO{, dlxnfx?sf] nfuL skfn /fd|f] agfpg' w]/} dxTjk'0f{ 5 eg] k'?ifnfO eg] tfn' xf]nf eGg] 8/ , xfldn] xfd|f] skfn nfO /fd|f] agfpg To;nfO ;do lbg' kb{5, skfn vf}/g'df leIf' / leIf'0fLx? cfkm}n] ;dodf v}/G5g\ . skfn v}f/g'sf] cy{ csf]{ cy{ xf] cfWoflTds / zfl//Ls kl/jt{gnfO Wofg lbP/ xf];Lof/ x'g' klg xf] . ^_ leIf' aGg' w]/} /fd|f] xf] obL ;a} leIf' ag] eg] s] ug]{ < pQ/ M s'g} ;dodf s'g} Ps hgfn] o:t}vfnsf] k|Zg u/], bGt lrlsT;s x'g' w]/} /fd|f] xf] t/ olb ;a} dlg; bGt lrlsT;s eP elg s] ug]{ . :s'ndf k9fpg] df:6/ x'b}+g , eft ksfpg] dfG5] x'b}+g, 6\Sof;L rnfpg] 8«fOe/ x'b}g , :s'ndf k9fpg] df:6/ x'g' w]/} /fd|f] xf] t/ ;a} dfG5] dfi6/ eof] eg] s] ug]{, ToxFf s'g} klg bGt lrlsT;s x'b}g cflb, a'4n] slxn] klg eGg'ePsf] 5}g ls ;a} dfG5] leIf' jf leIf'0fL aGg' k5{ eg]/ / of] slxn] klg x'g]5}g . h] h;f] ePklg ;w} e/L dfG5] x? ;/n lhjg ljtfpg rfxG5 / u[x Tofu ub{5g\ w]/} h;f] a'4sf] lzIff af6 k|efljt eP/ ;a} Tofu ub{5g / To;}u/L bGt lrlsT;s / :s'n dfi6/ ;Fu klg cfˆgf] ljifodf lgk'0f{tf / 1fgL 5g\ h;n] ;dfhdf afFRg Ps cfk;df ;xof]u ub{5g\ . ^_ Tof] t l7s 5 , h;n] k9fpF5, lstfa n]V5 jf ;dfh;]jf u5{ t/ c? leIf' / leIf'0fLx? hf] s]xL klg ub}{gg\ t/ Wofg u5{g\ eg] Tof] ;dfhsf] nfuL s] sfd nfUof] t < pQ/ M ltldn] Wofg ug]{ leIf'nfO vf]Hg] a}1flgs ;Fu t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;dfhn] vf]hL ug]{ a}1fgLsnfO ;xof]u u5{ hf] k|of]uzfnfdf dfq} a;L /fV5 / cfzf u5{g sL p;n] gofF gofF cGa]if0f u/L kQf nufP/ ;fw/0f hgtfnfO lbG5g\ To;}u/L a'4 wd{sf] ;dfhdf klg WofgL leIf'nfO ;xof]u ub{5g\ , lsgeg] p;n] Wofg 1fg k|fKt u/]/ ;fw/0f hgtfsf] pksf/sf] cfzf ub{5 . t/ klg of] x'g' eGbf cufl8 jf ePg eg] klg WofgL leIf'n] c?sf] pksf/ u/]sf] x'G5 . sf]xL cfw'gLs a}1flgsx? , :jOR5frf/Ln] wgL / k|Voft x'g rfxG5 . To; k|sf/sf] k|Voftn] lagf; lt/ nfG5 / cfzSt eP/ To;sf] kl5 nfU5 jf O{Zof{ ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nfuL WofgL leIf'nfO wgLx'g'sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g t/ ;Gt'i6 x'g'g} xf] To;}n] xfldn] a'em\g' k5{ sL ;fw/0f / ;/n lhjg ljtfpg' g} kmfObf hgs 5 . &_ d}n] ;'g]sf] 5' sL clxn] leIf'0fLx? 5}gg\ < s] of] ;fFrf] xf] < pQ/ M leIf'0fL x? ;+3 a'4sf] kfnfdf a'4n] agfpg' ePsf] xf] / a'4 wd{ k|rf/ ug{df %÷^ ;o aif{ ;Dd leIf'0fLx?sf] w]/} dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf lyof] . t/ s]xL sf/0f a; leIf'0fLx?n] cfb/ ;Ddfg kfpg ;s]gg\ jf leIf'x?nfO{ h:t} ;xof]u gldn]sf] sf/0fn] ef/t, >Ln+sf, ltJat / blIf0f pQ/ Pl;ofdf leIf'0fL zf;g x/fP/ uof] . To;f] eP klg tfOjfg sf]/Lof / hfkfgdf eg] leIf'0fL zf;g cem} afFsL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfhsn >Ln+sfdf leIf'0fL zf;gnfO k'g{pTyfg ug]{ z'? ePklg s]lx lgsfo åf/f s'g} rf;f] g/fv]sf] b]lvG5 . h] eP klg a'4sf] z'4 1fgnfO l:jsfg]{ xf] eg] b'j} k'?if / dlxnfx? Wfd{ ljgodf /x]/ hLjg ljtfO To;af6 kmn k|fKt ug'{ g} l7s x'g]5 .
a'4 wd{sf u|Gyx?
!_ k|foM h;f] ;a} wd{x?df wfld{s u|Gyx? Nf]v]sf] kfOG5 . a'4 wd{sf] wfld{s u|Gy rfFxL s] xf] < pQ/ M a'4 wd{sf] wfld{s u|GynfO “ltlkts” elgG5 , of] ef/tLo k|flrg efiffdf n]lvPsf] lyof] , h;nfO{ kfnL efiff elgG5 . h'g a'4n] af]Ng] efiff glhs k5{ , ltlkts lstfa w]/} 5g\ , c+u|hL cg'jfbdf dfq} o;sf] sl/a $) j6f htL 5g\ . @_ ltlktssf] cy{ s] xf] < pQ/ M of] @ zJbn] ag]sf] 5 . lt sf] cy{ ltg, / lkts sf] cy{ 6f]s/L xf] . klxnf] efunfO{ ;'Qlkts elgG5 . h;df a'4n] / pxfFsf cx{Gt lzZon] atfpg' ePsf] z'4 xf] . ;'Qlktssf] laifo a:t' leGgf leGg} 5g\ ,h'g a'4n] ljleGg JolQmx?nfO leGg leGg} 7fFpdf atfpg' ePsf] lyof] . ToxL w]/} h;f] a'4sf] b]zgfsf] ?kdf 5 eg] s'g} 5nkmnsf] ?kdf 5 . c? h:t} wDd kbn] a'4 lzIffnfO slatfsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . hfts klg To;sf] Ps pbfx/0f xf] h;df /dfOnf hgfj/sf] syf ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\, bf];|f] efu ljgo lkts xf] . o;df leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] nfuL lgod / sfo{k|0ffnLx? ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . cGTo cyf{t t];|f] efunfO cle wDd lkts elgG5, of] uxlsnf] / a'em\g uf¥xf] ljifonfO ljin]if0f u/LPsf] / 5'6\ofP/ ;+u7g u/L Pp6fdf ;dfj]; u/L ldnfO agfOPsf] u|Gy xf] . cle wDd lkts b'O{ eGbf kl5 n]vLPsf] ePtf klg o;df cGt/ut s'g} klg lt b'O lkts k|KtL k|ltjfb jf lj/f]w 5}g . lktssf] zAb k|flrg ef/tdf sfdbf/x?n] ;fdfg cf];f/ k;f/ ubf{ 6f]s/Laf6 Ps 7fFpaf6 csf]{ 7fFpdf nfg k|of]u ePsf] lyof] . 6f]s/L pgLx?n] ldn]/ csf]{ dfG5]nfO kf; ug]{ ub{Yof], o;/L bf]xf]¥ofP/ km]/L hfGYof] / km]/L lnP/ cfpg] ub{Yof] . a'4sf] kfnfdf klg n]Vg] rng lyof] t/ dfG5]sf] lbdfudf ;Dem]/ /fVg' eGbf Tof] clgZrLt lyof] lstfa aif{ Ct'df uNg ;SbYof] jf lstfa sldnfn] vfg ;SYof] t/ dfG5]sf] lbdfu eg], gd/] ;Dd /xL /xg] x'G5 h;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k leIf' / leIf'0fLx?n] a'4sf] lzIffnfO lbdfudf ;Dem]/ /fvL Psn] csf{nfO l;sfO lbGy] . h:tf] ls 6f]s/Ldf /x]sf] df6f] / O§f Psn] csf{nfO lbg' h:t} xf] , o;} sf/0fn] a'4 wd{sf] u|GynfO{ 6f]s/L elgPsf] xf] . o;/L ltlkts !)) cf}+ aif{ ;Dd l6Sof] / ;g\ !)) B.C. df >Ln+sf df n]Vg z'? eof] .
#_ olb ltlkts lbdfudf ;+em]/ / w]/} jif{ ;Dd arfFPsf] eP Tof] cljZjf;gLo x'GYof] w]/} h;f] a'4sf] lzIff kl/jt{g eO x/fO ;SYof] xf]Og / < pQ/ M u|Gysf] arfj6 leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] ;+u7gfTds k|of; xf] . pgLx? ;w} e/L ;a} Ps} 7fFpdf a;]/ ;w}+ ltlkts kf7 ug]{ ub{Yo] . o;n] ubf{ To;df s'g} kl/jt{g jf yKg' eg]sf] c;+ej 5 . o;/L ljrf/ ug'{xf]nf, h:tf] ls !)) hgf dflg;nfO Pp6f lut cfpF5 t/ ;Fu} ufpFbf Ps b'O hgfn] ufP/ csf]{ gofF zAb yKg vf]Hbf s:tf] x'G5 , Tof] uLt < lglZrt ;+Vofn] ufPsf] lutdf Ps hgfn] uNtL ufP klg To;nfO ;RrfO lbG5 . csf]{ dxTjk'0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] , Tof] a]nf s'g} l6=le= lyPg , ;dfrf/ lj1fkg lyPg , h;n] ubf{ lrQnfO vNjnfO cs}{ lt/ cfs{lift ug{ ;Sb}gYof] . h'g Tof] a]nf leIf' leIf'0fLx? ;fd'lxs Wofg kfngf ub{y] . h;sf] dtna pgLx?sf] ;+emg ;Sg] zlSt w]/} /fd|f] lyof] , clxn] klg lstfa k|of]hgdf cfO;Sbf klg sf]xL leIf'x? ;a} ltlk6s ;+emg ;Sg]x? 5g\ . leIf' d]guf]ª ;fobf]n] ;a} ltlkts pxfFsf] lbdfudf /fv]sf 5g\ . pxfFn] lulgha'sdf ;+;f/sf] ;a} eGbf al9 ;Demg ;Sg] JoflQmsf] ?kdf /]s8{ /fv]sf lyP pxfF ad]{nL gfu/Ls lyP . $_ tkfOn] kfnL eGg' eof] Tof] s] xf] < pQ/ M kfnL Pp6f efiffsf] gfd xf], h'g efiffdf a'4 wd{sf] u|Gyx? Nf]lvof] . s;}n] eGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ ls a'4n] s] efiff af]Nby], t/ k/Dk/f cg';f/ kfnL efiff eg]/ ljZjf; u/LG5, olb pxfFn] of] efiff af]Ng x'Gg lyof] eg] ;+ejt c? s'g} of] efiff ;+u glhssf] efiff af]Ng' x'GYof], tYo s'/f t of] xf] ls pxfF 7fFpdf 3'Dg' eof] / w]/} 7fFpdf b]zgf klg ug'{ eof] To;f] x'Fbf a'4n] w]/} efiff af]Ng] ug'{ x'GYof] , h'g To;a]nfsf] pQ/ ef/tdf kb{Yof] . %_ lt u|Gyx? a'4 dflu{ox?nfO slQsf dxTjk'0f{ 5 < pQ/ M ltlkts s'g} b]jtf xf]Og, s'g} OZj/n] lbPsf] rdTsf/ klg xf]Og , To;}n] a'4 dflu{ox?n] o;nfO ljZjf; ug]{ k5{ eGg] klg 5}g . a? of] Ps dxfg JoflQmn] lzsfPsf] 1fg xf] h;n] lgZlrt ?kdf JofVof lbO ;Nnfx / ;fx; lbPsf 5g\ . ;lx af6f] b]vfPsf 5g\ / xfldn] ljrf/k'0f{ cWoog / uf}/a ug'{ k5{ , xfd|f] p2]Zo eg]sf] ltlk6ssf] lzIffnfO a'em\g' xf] ,ljZjf; ug{' xf]Og . To;}n] a'4n] eGg' ePsf] 5 , xfdL cfkm}n] cfˆgf] cg'ej åf/f hfFr, a'em ug'{ k5{ , ltldn] eGg ;S5f} ls a'4 dflu{ox?sf] u|Gyx? k|ltsf] Jojxf/, eg]sf] Ps a}1fgLsn] vf]hL u/L kQf nufPsf] a:t' ,cfˆgf] lj1fg cvjf/df 5kfpg' h:t} xf], Ps a}1flgsn] ckm'n] hfFr a'em u/L cg'ej u/]sf] ;a} ;f/+z k|sflzt u/Llbof] eg] To;}u/L c?a}1flgsx?n] klg To; cvjf/nfO uf}/atf sf ;fy k9\g] ub{5g\ t/ ltlgx?n] t'?Gt ljZjf; ub}{gg\ , ha ;Dd ltlgx?n] ldNbf] kl/0ffd kfpb}gg\ . ^_ klxn] tkfOn] wDd kb eGg' eof] , Tof] s] xf] < pQ/ M wDd kb Ps ltlk6ssf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] klxnf] efu xf] , ;Tosf] af6f] jf ;To syg klg eGg] u/LG5 . o;df hDdf $@# :nf]sx? 5g\ . h;df ulDe/ ;f/ pkdfx/ / s]xL ;f}Gbo{sf] ljifox? 5g\ h'g a'4n] atfpg' ePsf] lyof] . kmn :j?k wDd kb ;a} eGbf k|rlntdf cfPsf] a'4 ;flxTo xf] . of] w]/} efiffx? Aff6 cg'jfb e};s]s]f 5 . ;+;f/sf] ;j{>]i7 wfld{s ;flxTosf] ?kdf lrgf/L eO ;s]sf] 5 .
&_ s;}n] dnfO{ eGof] ls of] u|Gy tn e'FOdf jf sfvLdf /fVg' x'b}g, t/ pRr :t/df dfly /fVg' k5{ /] s] of] ;fFrf] xf] < pQ/ M clxn] ;Dd klg s]lx a'4 wd{ dfGg] b]zx?df / dWo o'/f]kdf h:t}, lstfax?sf] w]/} cefj / d'Nojfg a:t' ;dfg 5g\ . To;}n] u|Gyx? w]/} uf}/j ;fy ;hfpg] u/LG5 / kl5 cfP/ ltldn] eg] h:t} of] rng rNtL eP/ cfPsf] xf] . h'g ;'s} eP klg ha rng / k/Dk/fn] rln cfP klg l7s} 5 , cfh ef]nLsf] dfG5]x? To;df ePsf] 1fg u'0fsf] s'/fnfO a'em]/ cEof; u/L uf}/j ug'{df g} ;xdtL 5g\ . *_ a'4 wd{sf u|Gyx? k9\g dnfO w]/} g} uf¥xf] 5, lsgsL ltgLx? Wf]/} nfdf] / bf]xf]¥ofO t]x¥ofO n]vLPsf 5g\ To;}n] k9\bf cN5L klg nfU5 . pQ/ M ha xfld wfld{s u|Gyx? kN6fpF5f} tj xfld rfxG5f} , tf/Lkm, v'lz / k|;+zf , h;n] ubf{ xfldnfO k|]/0ff lbG5 . kmn :j?k sf]xLn] a'4 wd{sf] u|Gy k9]/ cln lg/fz x'G5g\ ha ls s]lx a'4 argx? /dfOnf / ;f}Gbo{ 5g\ . w]/} h;f] bz{g / JofVof clg xf];Lof/ k'j{s sf/0f ;lxtsf] afb ljjfb / k'0f{?kdf Jofjxf/Ls ;'emfj cyjf Wofg / ;To argx? ;dfj]z 5g\ . lt ;a} dfgl;s pQ]hg eGbf 1fgsf] s'/f a9L 5 , ha xfld a'4 wd{sf u|Gyx?nfO c? wd{ ;+u t'ngf gu/L x]¥of}+ eg], ltdLcfkm}n] b]Vg ;S5f} , To;sf] cfˆg} k|sf/sf] ;f}Gb{otf h;df :jR5 ;f}Gbo{ ulx/f] ;f}Gb{otf / 1fg a'4Lsf] ;f}Gbo{tf cflb 5g\ . (_ d}n] k9]+ of] u|Gy ;a}eGbf klxnf tfn kqdf n]vLPsf] lyof] , lsg To;f] u/LPsf] lyof] < pQ/ M xf] , lsgeg] Tof] ;dodf ef/t / >Ln+sf df sfhu kQf nfu]sf] klg lyPg, ;fw/0f tof s]xL lr7Lx? lx;fa lstfa / c?sfo{x? hgfj/sf] 5fnfdf kmnfdsf] kftfdf cyjf tfn kqdf n]lvGYof] . a'4dflu{ox? Hfgfj/sf] 5fnfdf n]Vg dg k/fpFb}gy] . / kmnfdfs] kftfdf klg n]Vb}gy] . lsgeg] w]/} dxuf]+ / af]Sg ufXf] x'GYof],/ cGTodf tfn kqdf n]lvof] . tfn kq tof/ e};s] kl5 Ps cfk;df wfu]f n] af8\b5g\ / @ sf7sf] lardf /fV5g\ , h;n] ubf{ ;lhnf] / alnof] x'g] ub{Yof] . h'gsL clxn]sf] lstfa h:t} aG5 , ha a'4 wd{ lrgdf k'Uof] u|Gyx? /]zdL n'ufdf jf sfuhdf n]vLof] , %)) aif{ kl5 w]/} u|Gyx? rflxg]dfqfdf pknAwL u/fpg 5fkfsf] kQf nfUof] . ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] 5fkf af6 lgsfnLPsf] lstfa lrg efiffdf ePsf] kfOG5 ,h'g a'4 arg lyof], To] lstfa ;g\ *@* df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] .
Oltxf; / lasf;
!_ xfndf a'4 wd{ w]/} dlg;n] ljleGg b]zx?df dfGg yfn] of] s;/L eof] < pQ/ M a'4sf] kl/lgj{fg ePsf] !%) aif{ leq d} pQ/ ef/tdf lgs} k|rf/ ePsf] lyof] , To;kl5 ;g\ @^@ B.B. df df}o{ /fhf czf]sn] a'4 wd{ ckgfO pgsf ;a} /fHox?df k|rf/ u/]sf lyo , To;kl5 w]/} dfG5]x? o; wd{df cfs|lzt ePsf lyP . ljif]z u/L lxGb' wd{sf] hft eftsf] ljkIfdf cfPsf lyP, ;d|f6 czf]sn] ;+ufogf u/]/ cfˆgf] l5d]sL b]zx?df wd{ b't leIf'x?nfO{ wd{ k|rf/sf nfuL k7fPsf lyP , h'g To;a]nf o'/f]k ;Dd klg k'u]sf lyP . o;sf] ;a}eGbf ;kmn ePsf] b]z >Ln+sf xf] . plxn] b]vL clxn] ;Dd klg 6fk'df a'4 wd{ afFls g} /Xof] . c? wd{b't x? blIf0f / klZrd ef/t clxn]sf] sfl:d/ / blIf0f efusf] adf{ / yfOn]08sf] pklåk ;Dd k'u] , Ps ztfAbL kl5 jf To;kl5 ckmuflg:tfg / ef/tsf] pQ/df /x]sf] kxfl8o e'–efu ;Dd a'4 wd{ k|rf/ eof] . leIf'x? Jofkf/Lx? ;+u} dWo Pl;ofdf wd{ k|rf/sf] nfuL k'u] / cGTodf lrg / ToxfF af6 sf]/Lof x'b}+ hfkfg k'u]sf lyP .
of] /f]rssf] ljifo xf] lsgsL a'4 wd{ dfq a}b]lzs larf/wf/f ;+u dfq d]n vfG5 h'g lrgdf k'u]sf] lyof], vf;u/L >Ln+sfsf leIf'x?sf] k|of; åf/f !@ cf}+ ztfAbLdf adf{, yfOn]08, nfcf]; / sDaf]l8of h:tf] b]zx?sf] d'Vo wd{ g} a'4 wd{ x'g of]Uo eof] .
@_s;/L / sxLn] b]vL ltAjtLx? a'4 dflu{ eP < pQ/ M cf7f}+ ztfAbLdf ltAjtsf /fhfn] ef/taf6 leIf'x? / u|Gyx? Nofpg /fhb't k7fPsf lyP, a'4 wd{ t NofOof] t/ ltAjtsf k'/fgf] af]g wd{sf k'/f]lxt x?n] la/f]w u/]sf] sf/0f a'4 wd{n] 7fFp kfpg ;s]g / cGTodf !! cf}+ ztfAbLdf ef/taf6 w]/} leIf'x? / wd{ u'?x? ltAjt cfOk'u] / a'4 wd{sf] pTyfg eof] . To;a]nf b]vL ltAjt klg a'4 wd{ dfGg] b]z eof] . #_ s] To; eP a'4 wd{ w]/} k|rf/ eof] < pQ/ M TotLdfq xf]Og ToFxf s]xL cTofrf/ 36gfx? Kflg 5g\ . h'g a'4 wd{ k|rf/sf] k|tL/f]w eP t/ klg k|of; eP / l;kfxLx?sf] lah]tf em}+ eof] / a'4 wd{ ;w}+ ;/n lhjg lhpg] k2lt xf] / s;}nfO ljZjf; ug{df afWotf t'Nofpg' a'4dflu{ox?sf] s'g} rf;f] 5}g . $_ w]/} b]zx?df k'u]/ a'4 wd{n] s] k|efj kf¥of] < pQ/ M ha wd{b't eO uPsf leIf'x? ljleGg b]zx?df k'u] ltgLx?n] a'4 wd{sf] 1fg dfq nu]gg\ plgx?n] plrt ;+:s[tL klg ;fydf nu]sf lyP . leIf'x?n] cfkm'df ePsf] hl8 a'6Lsf] 1fg klg k|rf/ u/]sf lyP . t/ g t >Ln+sf, ltAat, g t c? s'g} dWo Pl;ofnL b]zx?df leIf'x?n] k|rf/ u/]sf] elg n]vLof] < of] g} kl5 kl5 laleGg larf/, 1fg kl/jt{g u/L n]vLof] . a'4 wd{ cfpg'eGbf klxn] ltAat / d+uf]nLogx? H+funL h:t} lyP, ha a'4 wd{ cfP plgx? ;/n / ;Eo lhjg ljtfpg] ePsf lyP . ef/tdf alnlbg] k|yf sd ePsf] sf/0f a'4 wd{ xf] / s]xL ;do ;Dd hflto e]befj sd eof] / xfndf a'4 wd{ o'/f]k / cd]/Lsfdf k|rf/ eof] clg klZrd]nLx?df klg gofF gofF z'?jft x'b}+5 / o;sf] k|efjn] dflg;x?sf] ljrf/df kl/jt{g NofpFb}5 . %_ a'4 wd{ ef/tdf s;/L ktg eof] < pQ/ M o;af/]df s;}n] klg lrQ a'em\g] u/L JofVof lbPsf 5}gg\, sf]xL Oltxf;sf/x? eG5g\ , a'4 wd{df w]/} ljs[tL cfPsf]n] hgtfx? o;sf] ljkIfdf x'g yfn] , c? eG5g\, a'4 wd{n] lxGb' wd{sf] larf/nfO ld>Lt u/]sf]n] 5'6\ofpg g;lsg] eof] csf]{ larf/df leIf'x? 7'nf] 7'nf] ljxf/df ;?jf eP/ uP , hxfF /fhfsf] ;xof]u ldNbYof] / kl5 of] ;fw/0f dfG5]nfO x:tfGq0f u/Lof] , o;/L h'g;'s} sf/0fx? eP klg *÷( cf}+ ztfAbLdf a'4 wd{ w]/} g} ktg eO ;s]sf] lyof] , ha d':nLdx?n] cft+s / xdnf u¥of] !#cf}+ ztfAbLdf ;Dk'0f{ ?kn] a'4 wd{sf] ktg eof] .
^_ ef/tdf cem}klg s]xL a'4 wd{dfGg]x? 5g\ xf]Og / < pQ/ M xf], 5g\ / ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] @) cf}+ ztfAbLdf cfP/ aNn a'4 wd{sf] z'?jft eof] , ;g\ !(%^ df Ps cIf't hftn] a'4 wd{ dfGg yfn] lsgeg] p / pgsf hgtfx?n] lxGb' wd{sf] hft / eft k|yfsf] sf/0fn] w]/} b'Mv ef]u]sf lyP . To;a]nf b]vL *) nfv dflg;x? a'4 wd{sf] z/0fdf cfPsf lyP / o;sf] ;+Vof cem} a9\b} 5 . &_ a'4 wd{ klZrd]nL b]zdf slxn] cfof] < pQ/ M ;+ejt ;a}eGbf klxnf ;g\ # B.C. df /fhf cn]Sh]08/sf] nf8fO kl5 lu|saf6 a;fFO ;/]/ cfPsfx? a'4 dfu{ ag] , Pp6f lgs} k'/fg]f lstfa ldlnGb k|Zg h'g leIf' gfu;]g / OGbf] lu|s /fhf ldlnGbf]sf] 5nkmn xf] t/ xfndf !( cf}+ ztfAbLdf w]/} a'4LlhjLx?n] a'4 wd{sf u|Gyx? efiff cg'jfbsf] ;fy} ljleGg n]v n]v]/ k|;+zf / uf}/a ;fy k|rf/ ug{ yfn] . ;g\ !())df s]xL klZrd]nLx? cfkm'nfO a'4dflu{o eGg yfn] eg] sf]xL !,@ hgf leIf' ;d]t ag] / ;g\ !(^) b]vL klZrd]nL a'4dfuL{ aGg yfn] / clxn] sd} eP klg w]/} klZrd]nL b]zx?df pNn]vgLo ;+Vofdf a'4 dflu{ox? 5g\ . *_ ljleGg k|sf/sf] a'4 wd{af/] s]xL atfpg'xf];\ < pQ/ M a'4 wd{ pRrsf] d+uf]nLof b]vL dflNbE; ;Dd , afvf b]vL afnL ;Dd eg] h:t} leGbf leGb} ;+:s[tLsf JolQmx?nfO{ g} ;f]Wg' a]; xf]nf . o;/L w]/} ztfAbL ;Dd :yflkt eP/ dflg;sf] ;dfhdf /Xof] / ljsfz x'b}+ cfof] . o;sf] kl/0ffd ha af:tljs wd{sf] pTyfg eof] , To;/L g} aflx/L a:t'sf] kl/jt{g x'g' :jefljs lyof] cfh ef]nL ltg k|sf/sf a'4 wd{x? 5g\ – y]/jfb, dfxfofg, / jh|ofg x'g . (_ y]/jfb s] xf] < pQ/ M y]/jfbsf] cy{ xf] c6'6 ?kdf a'4sf] kfnf b]vL rnLcfPsf], h]i7 wd{ xf] . / o;sf] ;a} eGbf k'/fgf] u|Gy kfnL xf] h;df ;Dk'0f{ a'4 argx? ;dfj]; ePsf 5g\ . y]/jfb w]/} ?l9jflb 5g\ . s'g} klg wd{ ljgo kl/jt{g ug{ grfxg] / wd{ / ljgonfO{ g} d'Vo dfG5g\ , h'g ;fg]f ltgf] b]vL lnP/ s8f ljgo ;Dd ;dfa]z ePsf 5g\ . cfh ef]nL y]/jfb dfGg] b]zx? Hf:t} >Ln+sf ,adf{, yfONof08, nfcf]; , sDaf]l8of / c? Pl;ofsf] blIf0fk'j{sf b]z x? x'g\ .
!)_ dfxfofg s] xf] <
pQ/ M klxnf] ztfJbL 1 B.C.lt/ a'4 wd{ cem al9 ulx/f] ?kdf kQf nufPsf] cg'dfg ul/G5 , ;dfhsf] kl/jt{g cg';f/ gofF 9+un] a'4 wd{sf] k|rf/ ug'{ cfjZos lyof] o;/L laleGg ljBfnox?df lasfzsf] ;+u;+u} of] wd{ klg cl3 a9\of] / eGg yfn] dfxfofg wd{ , h;sf] cy{ xf] dxfg aftf] . lsg eg] plgx?n] eGg yfn] of] ;a}sf] nfuL plrt 5 , leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] nfuL dfq xf]O{g o;/L of] ef/tsf] d'Vo wd{ x'g uof] / clxn] lrg tfOjfg, sf]/Lof , leotgfd / hfkfgdf dfGg] u/]sf 5g\ , y]/jfbLx?n] eGg yfn] sL dfxfofg wd{n] a'4sf] lzIffnfO{ aª\ufo]]f, To;f]eP klg dfxfofg eGg] ub{5g\ s]xL cfjZos ePdf kl/jt{g ug{ ldNg] of] a'4n] l:jsf/]sf] tYo xf] , plgx?sf] cy{df eGbf ah|+f7sf] ?vnfO lju|fg] ah|f+7sf] kmn eg] em}+ a'4 wd{nfO{ lju|fg] plgx?sf] efjfy{ xf]Og .
!!_ d}n] lxgofg eg]sf] zAb w]/} k6s ;'g]sf] 5' To;sf] cy{ s] xf] <
pQ/ M ha dfxfofgsf] ljsfz eof] ltlgx? klxn]sf] a'4 wd{af6 5'l§g rfxGy] ,To;}n] plgx? cfkm}n] cfkm}nfO dfxfofg eGg yfn] h;sf] cy{ dfxfg aftf] / klxn]sf] a'4 wd{nfO lxgofg elg gfdfs+/0f u/Lof] .h;sf] cy{ xf] t'R5 aftf] . To;}n] lxgofg eg]sf] dfxfofg x?n] lbPsf Ps lgsfo xf] .
!@_ ah|ofg eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/ M ha ef/tdf lxGb' wd{sf] k'g/pTyfg x'b}+uof] ;g\ ^ b]vL & cf}+ ztfAbL lt/ ah|ofgsf] ljsfz ;'? eof] . ah|ofg lxGb'wd{n] ljrf/wf/fdf k|efljt ePsf] lyof] . ljz]ifu/L b]jL b]jtfnfO k'hf ug]{ / l/tL l/jfh o;sf] :ki6 hafkm xf] . !! cf}+ ztfAbL lt/ ah|ofgsf] :yfkgf plrt ?kn] ltAjtdf eof] hxfF w]/} ljslzt kl/jt{g Nofof] . ah|ofgsf] cy{xf] lx/fsf] aftf] / o;nfO 6'qmf ug{ g;sLg] eGg] g} pgLx?sf] ts{ xf] . k/Dk/fut a'4 u|Gyx?nfO eGbf w]/} h;f] csf]{ ah|ofgf] tGqdf al9 e/ kb{5 . To;}n] lognfO{ tGqofg klg elgG5 . ah|ofgn] cfhsn d+uf]nLof , ltAat, g]kfn , e'6fg / ef/tdf a;]sf ltAatLx?n] dfGb5g\ .
!#_ of] ;'Gbf w]/} g} uf]nfdfn b]lvG5, olb d}n] a'4 wd{ dGbf s;nfO{ dfGbf plrt x'G5 <
pQ/M ;fob xfldn] Pp6f vf]nf ;+u t'ngf ug{ ;S5f}+ olb ltdL vf]nfsf] 5]p 5]paf6 vf]nfsf] d'xfg ;Dd k'Uof} eg] ;+ejt vf]nfsf] d'xfg km/s km/s b]lvG5 , t/ olb ltdLn] vf]nfsf] d'xfgaf6 5]p 5]p x'+b} cfPdf kxf8x? , pkTosfx? ,em/gfx? / c? ;–;fgf vf]nfx? Kflg To;df ldn]/ au]sf] b]v]/ cGTodf vf]nfsf] d'xfgdf cfOk'U5 clg ltldn] a'em\g] 5f} ls lsgltgLx? d'xfgb]vL km/s 5g\ , olb ltdL a'4 wd{ cWoog ug{ rfxG5f} eg] klxn] b]vL z'? u/ h:t} cfo{ ;To , cfo{ ci6fªuLs dfu{ a'4 lhjgL cfbL To;k5L cWoog u/ , s;/L / lsg a'4 wd{ / ljrf/x? ljsfz eP clg To;df Wofg lbP/ hfpm ltldn] w]/} sf/0f b]Vg]5f} . To;kl5 ltdLnfO{ vf]nf, vf]nfsf] d'xfgsf] clwgdf 5 elg eGg' c;+ej x'G5 cyjf vf]nfs]f d'xfgn] ljuf/Llbof] eGbf klg c;+ej x'G5 .

* ;dfKt *