Tuesday, July 6, 2010
Monday, June 7, 2010
Nepali version: Preeti Font
TRANSLATED FROM ENGLISH FULL VERSION
Kf]h g= *
!_ olb 1fg k|fKt u/L;s] kl5 a'4 elgG5 eg] , To; eGbf klxn] pgsf] gfd s] lyof] < pQ/ M a'4sf] kfl/jfl/s gfd uf}td lyof] . h;sf] dtnj pQd ufO{ elgG5 Tof] a]nf nlId egL ;Ddfg u/LGYof] pgnfO{ lbPsf] gfd l;4fy{ h;sf] dtna k'/f cy{ ePsf] hgfpF5 . cyjf Ps k|sf/sf] gfd h;n] cfkm\gf] 5f]/f nfO{ /fHo ;'lDklbg] OR5f ub{5 . k]h g=!@ @_ tkfO lgZro g} a'4 wd{nfO{ pRr 7fGg' x'G5 . s] tkfO{ a'4 wd{ dfq} ;To wd{ / aFfls c? wd{nfO ulNt dfGg' x'G5 < pQ/ M xf]Og, unt, a'4dflu{o h;n] a'4sf] lzIffnfO /fd|/L a'emsf] x'G5 .p;n] c? wd{nfO unt 7fGb}g . hf] s]fxLn] klg hfFr u/]/ x[bo vf]n]/ c? wd{ k|lt o:tf] ;f]Rb}g, c? wd{sf] cWoog ubf{ Pp6} s'/fdf Wofg lbpF ls lt slQsf] ;fdfGo 5 , ;a} wd{x?n] l:jsf/ u5{ ls dfgj hfltsf] cj:yf c;Gtf]if hgs 5 . ;a}nfO{ ljZjf; 5 ls olb dfga hfltsf] cj:yf lasfz ePsf] v08df aflg Jofjxf/ kl/jt{g ug'{ klg clt cfjZos 5 . ;a} wd{n] g}lts lzIff l;sfpF5 , h;df dfof, ddtf, ;xglzntf Tofu / ;dfh k|lt lhDd]jf/L / ;a} wd{n] tYotfnfO{ l:jsf/ ub{5 . ltlgx?n] dfq leGg leGg} efiff , gfd / lrGxsf] lj:t[t JofVof ub{5 . ha cfzlQm dflg;n] ;fgf] lrQn] lt a:t'nfO{ ljz]if ?kdf b]V5 , ta c;xglzntf 3d08L / cfkm' dfq} l7s eGg yfNb5 . sNkgf u/f}+ Ps c+u|hL, Ps km|]Gr , Ps lrgf, Ps O08f]g]lzog ;a}n] srf}/fnfO{ x]5{g\ / c+u|]hn] eG5 of] sk xf] . km|]Grn] eG5 xf]Og of] 6]:;] xf] To; kl5 lrgfn] eG5 tkfOx? b'j} unt of] k] xf] , cGTodf O08f]g]lzog dfG5] xfF;]5 / eg]5 slt d'v{ ltldx? of] t sjfg xf] . To; kl5 c+u|]hn] l8:g/L – zJbsf]if_ n]/fP/ b]vfP5 , d]/f] k|df0f 5 ls Tof] sk xf] . To;f] eP ltd|f] zJbsf]if unt 5 km|]Grn] eg]5 , lsgeg] d]/f] zJbsf]ifdf ;kmf ;Fu n]lvPsf] 5 of] 6]:;] xf] . lrgfn] lv:;L p9fFP/ eG5 d]/f] zJbsf]ifdf k] elg n]lvPsf] 5 / d]/f] zJbsf]if ltldx?sf] eGbf xhf/f}+ jif{ k'/fgf] xf] .To;}n] of] d]/f] g} l7s xf] w]/} dlg;x? c? efiff eGbf lrgLof efiff af]Nb5g\ To;}n] of] k] g} x'g' kb{5 . ha ltlgx? Efmu8f / ljjfb ug{ yfn] csf]{ Ps hgf dfG5] cfP/ srf}/f df kflg /fv]/ lkP5 / eg]5, ltldx? o;nfO{ sk, k], 6]:;] cyjf sjfg eG5f}+ t/ o;s]f p2]Zo kfgL /fv]/ lkpg' xf] . emu8f aGb u/ / kfgL lkp , ljjfb aGb u/ / Kof;nfO{ d]6fpm, xf] c? wd{x? k|lt log} x'g a'4dfuL{ox?sf] c;n Jofjxf/ . k]h g+= !# #_ sf]xL dflg;x? eG5g\ ;a} wd{x? ;dfg 5g\ . s] tkfO o;df ;xdtL x'g' x'G5 < pQ/ M ;a} wd{x? w]/} hl6n 5g\ , Pp6} zJbdf To;f] eGbf c;dfg b]lvG5g\ , a'4 dflu{x?sf] cg';f/ b'a} unt / ;To 5g\ . a'4 wd{df OZj/ 5}g eg] O;fO{ wd{df 5g\ . h;sf] dg z'4 x'G5 a'4 wd{df hf] sf]lxn] klg 1fg nfe ug{ ;S5g\, ha O;fO{ wd{df d'lQm ;+ej 5 h;n] OZj/ k|lt ljZjf; /fV5 , d]/f] ljrf/df lo cy{ k'0f{?kdf leGgf leGg} 5g\ . h]xf];\ O;fO{ wd{df clt /fd|f] k|;+u o; k|sf/sf 5g\ , olb d}n] dfG5] / b]jtfsf] efiff af]N5' t/ k|]d 5}g eg] d]/f] af]nL 306L ah]sf] jf 306Lsf] t/u+ h:t} x'G5 . olb d}n] eljZonfO hfg] / a'+em] / yfxf kfFP eg] olb d]/f] ljZjf;n] kxf8 g} xNnfpF5 eg] t/ d df k|]d 5}g eg] d sf]xL klg xf]Og . olb d}n] d]/f] clwsf/ ul/anfO{ lbPF eg] / d]/f] zl// cfTdf ;d{k0f u/L cfuf]df xf]dLP klg t/ d df k|]d 5}g eg] d}n] s]xL kfOg , k|]d ;xglzntf xf] , k|]d bofn'kg xf] o;df s'g} z+sf 5}g , o;df s'g} 3dl08kg 5}g / o;df s'g} cxdtf 5}g . k|]d k|]d c;dfg 5}g of] cfkm'df vf]hL ug]{ lrh xf] Tof] JoflQm l/;fxf 5}g o;df s'g} uNtL e/LPsf] 5}g, k|]d kfkdf /dfpFb}g t/ v'lzdf /dfpg] ub{5 . o;n] ;w}+ /Iff ljZjf; u5{ / ;w} b[9tf k'j{s nfuL /xG5 . of] ljNs'n l7s 5 h'g s'/f a'4 wd{n] klg l;sfpFb5 . k|ltxfo{ zlQm eljZojfl0fdf lgk'0{ftf, ljZjf; jf :j]R5frf/L x'g' eGbf xfd|f] x[bosf] clt pQd ;b u'0f g}} dxTj x'G5 . To;}n] hj O{Zj/ aflb wf/0ff / sfNkgLs a'4 wd{ / O;fO{ wd{ lgZro g} km/s /x]sf]5 . t/ ha ;b\u'0f g}lts / Jofjxf/sf] s'/f cfpF5 ,lt ;a} p:tf p:t} b]lvG5g\ . To;a]nf eg] c? wd{x?nfO / af}4 wd{nfO{ eg] ;dfg eGg ;lsG5 . k]h g+= !% $_ d}n] slxn] sfFlx ;'G5' ls a'4sf] lzIffnfO{ dlHemd dfu{ klg elgG5, To;sf] dtna s] x'g ;S5 < pQ/ M a'4n] lbg'ePsf] cfo{ ci6flu+s dfu{ To;sf] csf]{ gfd xf], dlHemd k|ltkbf To;sf] cy{ xf] dlHemd dfu{ of] w]/} dxTjk'0f{ 5 lsgeg] To;n] xfldnfO{ l;sfpF5 ls To;af6f]df dfq nfu]/ k'Ub}g, t/ xfldn] ljz]if Wofg/fvL k|of; ug'{k5{ . dflg;x? wd{ k|lt clt sl7gtfn] k|of; u5{ / cGTodf logLx? s§/ eP/ cfpF5g\ . a'4 wd{df k|of; ubf{ rflxg] htL ug'{ k5{ . h;n] ubf{ pu| aflb / c;+odL x'g'af6 aFrfp5 . k|flrg /f]dgx?n] klg eGg] ub{y] ;a} a:t'df ;Gt'i6 x'g' ,o;df a'4dflu{x? ;xdtL 5g\ . k]h !% %_ d}n] k9]+ ls a'4 wd{dfq Ps k|sf/sf] lxGb' wd{ xf] s] of] ;fFrf] xf] < pQ/ M xf]Og of] unt xf], a'4 wd{ / lxGb' wd{df w]/} g}lts larf/ wf/0fx? AfFl8Psf 5g\ b'a}df p:t} zJbx? Kf|of]u ePsf 5g\ h:t} sd{, ;dflw, / lg{jf0f lt zJbx? Eff/tdf pTklt ePsf x'g\ , o;n] ubf{ s]xL dflg;df ljrf/ cfpg ;S5g\ ls Tof] Pp6} xf] of w]/} ;dfg 5 . t/ ha xfldn] ;dfgtfnfO{ bfFh]/ x]¥of}+ eg] xfldn] lt wd{x?sf] lardf lgs} leGgtf b]Vb5f}+ . pbfx/0fsf] nfuL lxGb' wd{df O{Zj/df ljZjf; /fV5 eg], a'4 wd{n] O{Zj/df ljZjf; /fVb}g . lxGb' wd{sf] s]Gb|Lo ;dfhLs bz{g lzIff eg]sf] g} hftLo e]befj xf], h'g a'4 wd{n] clZjsf/ ug]{ ub{5 . lxGb' wd{df z'l4s/0fsf] clt cfjZos 5 t/ a'4 wd{df To;sf] nfuL s'g} 7fFp 5}g . a'4 wd{ u|Gyx?df a'4n] a|fX0f jf lxGb' k'hf/L] / unt larf/ k|lt ljkIfdf ;dfnf]rgf u/]sf] kfO{G5 , olb lxGb' wd{ / a'4 wd{ ;dfg ePsf of] af:tjdf x'g' gx'g' kg]{ xf] . k]h !^ ^_ s] a'4n] sd{sf] laifodf lxGb'sf] larf/nfO{ gSsn xf]Og / < pQ/ M lxGb' wd{n] sd{sf] / cjtf/sf] laifodf l;sfpF5 . To;f] eP klg lt b'O{ ljifo ;DaGwL a'4 wd{ ;Fu d]n vfFb}g , pbfx/0fsf] nfuL lxGb' wd{n] eG5 , xfldx? sd{df dfq} l;ldt 5f}+ t/ a'4 wd{n] eG5 sd{ kl/jt{glzn 5 . lxGb'wd{ cg';f/ dfG5] d/] kl5 cfTdf csf]{ hGddf ;5{ , t/ a'4 wd{df cgfTdfnfO{ ljZjf; ul/G5 . a'4 wd{df ha lg/Gt/ efjn] dfgl;stf kl/jt{g eO{ /xG5 Tof] g} gofF hGd xf] lo x'g a'4 / lxGb'wd{sf s]lx leGgtfx?, To;f]eP klg olb lxGb' / a'4 wd{ ;dfg ePsf] eP a'4n] larf/ g} gu/Lsg To;sf] gSsn ug'{ s'g} cfjZos kb}{g lyof] xf]nf . Ps k6s s'g} b'O JoflQmn] :jtGq ?kn] vf]hL ubf{ b'a}n] Ps} lsl;dsf] kQf] nufP, To;sf] l7s plrt pbfx/0fsf] nfuL , Pp6f qmflGtsf/L vf]hLnfO{ lnpF, ;g\ !*%* df The Origin of species lstfa 5fKg' eGbf klxn] rfN; 8flj{gn] csf]{ JoflQmsf] cNkm]8 ?;]Nkm8 jfn]; kQf nufP h'g ljsf; qmdsf] Pp6f qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g h:t} lyof] . 8fla{g / jfn]; b'a}n] s;}sf] gSsn u/]sf lyPgg\ t/ b'a}s]f cWoogsf] lgZsif{ Pp6} lyof] . To;}n] olb lxGb' / a'4 wd{df sd{ / gofF hGdsf] wf/0ff ;dfg eP Ps cfk;df gSsn ug'{ kb}{g lyof], ljkK;gf Wofg åf/f ;TotfnfO{ b]Vb5 . lxGb' Clifx?sf] sd{ / gofF hGdsf] ljifodf c:ki6 wf/0ff lyof] h'g s'/f kl5 a'4n] :ki6 / cem al9 l7s t/Lsfn] a'emfpg' ePsf] lyof] . k]h g+= #! &_ s] r'/f]6 vfgfn] k~rlznsf] kfFrf} lzn lau|G5 < pQ/ M r'/f]6 vfgfn] cjZo klg :j:ysf] nfuL xfgLsf/s 5 t/ To;sf] dfgl;s c;/ eg] w]/} sd 5 r'/f]6 vfg ;lsG5 t/ xf]l;of/ eP/ cfkm'n] cfkm'nfO{ j;df /fVg ;Sg'k5{ . To;}n] r'/f]6 vfg' cg'lrt ePklg k~rlznsf] kfFrf}lznnfO{ lju|fb}g . k]h g+= #$ *_ gofF hGd kl5 klxn]sf] cfTd jf d csf]{ gofF z/L/df ;5{ s] of] ;To xf] < pQ/ M a'4 wd{ cg';f/ of] c;To xf], af:tjdf a'4sf] lzIff cg';f/ cfTdfdf ljZjf; /fVg' g} e|ddf kg'{ xf] . h'g 3dl08sf] sf/0fn] cfTd jf d eGg] x'G5 / emg a9\b} hfG5, ha xfldn] cfTdf 5}g eg]/ b]V5f}+ , ta :jfyL{efj , cxdefj / d, d]/f] eGg] s'/f lanfP/ hfG5 . Ps JoflQm 7f]; kbfy{ xf]Og t/ auL/x]sf] vf]nf ;dfg xf] . k]h #% (_ Tof] ;'Gbf c;dfg nfU5, olb d 5}g eg] ToFxf s'g} JolQmTj /xb}g / olb JolQm g} 5}g eg] s;/L gofF hGd x'g ;S5 < pQ/ M Tof] (% aif{ k'/fg] km'6an l6d h:t} xf] To; calwdf ;of}+ hgf v]nf8Lx? s]flx % aif{ / !) aif{ ;Dd v]n] slt lg:s] / gofF v]nfl8x? cfP To;f] ePklg s'g} gofF v]nf8L afFsL /x]g jf lh+pbf] /x]gg\ t/ klg Tof] km'6an l6d eg] cem klg afFls g} 5 . kl/jt{gsf] afjh't klg To;sf] JoflQmj cem} afFls /x]sf] 5 . v]nfl8x?n] s8f d]xgt u/]sf lyP t/ s;n] ubf{ ltgsf] JoflQmj afFls /x\of] . ltgsf] gfd klxn] k|utLsf] :d/0f , v]nfl8x?sf] cg'ej / bz{sx?sf] ;d{yg cflb afFls /Xof] / JoflQx? Klg p:t} ;dfg 5g\ . xfd| zl// / dg ;w}+ kl/jt{g eO /xG5 of] tYo ePtf klg eGg ;lsG5 ls , dfG5]sf] goFf hGd hf] d/] kl5 x'g] ub{5 . d eg] kl/at{g eP/ Ps JoflQmaf6 csf]{df ;g]{ xf]Og ls JoflQmsf] lg/Gt/ abnL/xg] :d/0f,:jefj, dfgl;stf / dg]flj1fg, O{R5fsf] sf/0fn] kl/at{g x'G5 . !)_ olb xfdL klxn] klg hGd]sf lyof}+ eg] lsg xfldnfO{ k'j{ hGdsf] ofb ePg t < pQ/ M sf]xL dflg;x? k'j{ hGdsf] ofb ug{ ;S5g\ . w]/} h;f] aRrf a]nfdf t/ w]/} h;f] dflg;n] ofb ug{ ;Sb}g, lsgsL To;df w]/} sf/0fx? x'g ;S5g\, ;fob ( dlxgf ;Dd ue{df a;]/ hGd x'Fbf ;a} :d/0f zlQm d]l6;s]sf] x'G5 cyjf k|foM h;f] :d/0f zlQm d]l6;Sg]5 . ;fob gofF gofF r]tgfn] wSsf lbP/ hGd x'g' ( dlxgf ue{df a:bf w]/} h;f] r]tgf d]6L;s]sf] x'G5 . klxn]sf :d/0f zlQmx? x/fO{;s]sf] x'G5 . k]h g+= #% / #^ !!_ s] xfd|f] ;w} dfG5] g} eP/ hGd x'G5 < pQ/ M xf]Og , xfld hGd x'g] 7fFp w]/} 5 , sf]xL dflg;x? :ju{ eg] sf]xL gs{, / sf]xL k|]t cflb eP/ hGd x'G5 . :ju{ eGgfn] s'g} 7fFp xf]Og hxfF dfgl;s / ef}lts ?kdf ;'vsf] cg'ej x'G5 , tL ;a} kl/jt{glznx? Gf} clgTo :ju{ xf] . hxfF lhjg / d[To' x'G5, / gofF hGd dfG5] eP/ hGd x'G5 gs{ klg p:t} xf] h'g 7Ffp g} xf]Og t/ hxfF dfgl;s / ef}lts ?kdf b'Mv / lk8f ef]Ug' kg]{ x'G5 . k|]t eP/ hGd lng' kg]{ 7fFp hxfF ef}lts z/L/ x'G5 / dfgl;s ?kdf b'Mv / c;Gt'i6L ef]uL /xg' kg]{ x'G5 To;}n] :ju{jf;LnfO{ dfq ;'vsf] cg'ej x'G5 eg] gs{ afl;nfO{ b'Mv lk8f em]Ng' kg]{ x'G5 / dg'io lhjgdf b'a} ld;LP/ cfPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] dg'io nf]s / c? nf]ssf] leGgtf eg]sf] ef}lts / ;b\u'0fsf] cg'ej ug'{ xf] . k]h g+= #^ !@_ tkfO{n]] gs{ af;Lsf] s'/f eGg' eof], To;f]eP s] a'4dflu{ox?n] gs{sf] ljZjf; u5{g t < pQ/ M olb tkfOsf] dtnj gs{ s'g} 7fFp eP hxfF /L;fn' OZj/n] ;a} eQm hgx?nfO ˆoflslbG5g\ h;n] p;nfO{ dfGb}g / ;bfsf] nfuL ;hfo lbG5g\ eg] Tof] gs{ xf]Og . a'4 wd{ cg';f/ o:tf ljrf/wf/f nfO cfqm]lzt / abnfsf] kl/0ffd dfGg ;lsG5 . a'4 wd{ cg';f/ lg/o, ckfo, gs{ xf] . To;sf] cy{ gf; / gf]S;fg xf] . l/; jf :jy{ dfG5]sf] dfgl;stfdf pTkGg x'g] ub{5 To;}n] o:tf] cg'ej ;lhn} l;t gs/fTds eP/ cfpF5 . a'4 eGg'x'G5 M d'v{x? eG5g gs{ ;d'b| d'gL 5 , t/ d eG5' gs{ b'Mvsf] csf]{ Pp6f gfd xf] . Pp6f pbfx/0f 8/fPsf] dfG5]n] eo if8oGq, ljZjf;3ft rf/}lt/ b]Vg] ub{5 t/ Tof] slx+ klg 5}g z+sf ug'{, 8/fpg', / b'Mlvt x'g' Tof] p;sf] dgsf] dgzfo dfq xf] . s;}n] p;nfO{ t'ngf jf gs/fTds bf]iff/f]k0f u/]sf] 5}g Tof] t o;n] cfkm}n] pJhfPsf] Pp6f e|d dfq xf] . Tof] eGbf klg To:tf dlg;x? ;w}e/L gs/fTds dfgl;stf cfkm}n] g} pTklt u/fpFb5g\ . To;}n] a'4 wd{ cg';f/ gs{ ;bf /xg] 7fFp cdtf-cd/_ xf]Og xfld To;nfO{ ;w} kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5f}+ . k]h #* !@_ s] Tof] ;+ej 5, o; hGddf lrlgPsf] JolQmnfO{ csf]{ hGddf klg e]6\g ;lsG5 < pQ/ M ;+ej 5 , Ps ;dodf a'9f a'9L , >Ldfg >LdtL hf] ljjfx u/L a;]sf] w]/} eO;Sof], ltgLx? Ps cfk;df w]/} dfof ub{y], s;}n] Ps lbg a'9fnfO{ ;f]w]5, s] ltldx? o; hGddf h:tf] eO a;]sf 5f} s] ltldx? csf]{ hGddf klg o:t} eO{ a:g rfxG5f} . a'4n] eGg'eof] olb ltgLx?sf] a}jflxs alnof] / p:t} ljZjf; ;b\u'0f Tofu efjgf / cfk;df /fd|f] ;dembf/L 5 eg] To]f x'g ;Sb5 . s'g} b'O{ e]6 x'G5g\ / t'?Gt} a}jflxs ;DjGw ufF;]/ ulx/f] ;DaGw agfp5g\ To:tf nfO a'4 wd{ cg';f/ pgLx?sf] k'j{ hGd ;Fu ;DaGwLt ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 of] klg Ps gofF hGdsf] Ps ;s/fTds kIf xf] . To;}n] b'O{ JoflQmsf] jGwg d[To' kl5 klg /xG5 .
k]h %!
!#_ clu tkfO{n] eGg' ePsf] s?0ff / k|]d sf] cy{ ldNbfh'Nbf x'g ls cyjf km/s 5g\ < pQ/ M ;fob lt b'O Ps csf{sf ;Fu ;DaGwLt 5g\ eGbf /fd|f] x'G5 . c+u|hLdf k|]d (Love) eGg] zAb nfO ljleGg tl/sfn] JofVof ug]{ ul/G5 , h:t} nf]Ug] / :jf:gLsf] k|]d, cfdf a'jf / 5f]/f 5f]/L larsf] k|]d, ;flyx? Kf|ltsf] k|]d , l5d]sLx? Kf|ltsf] k|]d cflb, lt cg'ejn] k|i6 s] b]vfpF5 eg] ltlgx? Ps cfk;df km/s 5g\ t/ ;a}s'/f Ps} zJbdf k|]dsf] gfd lbg ;lsG5 . lt s'/f s] s] x'g eg] ha xfld s;}nfO{ k|]d u5f}{ eg] p k|lt ghLs x'g] O{R5f hfu]/ cfpg] ub{5 . s'g} a]nf s;}n] xldnfO{ x}/fg u/] klg b'Mv lbP klg / p;n] g/fd|f] efjgf /fv] klg xfld p k|lt ;sf/fTds x'g' klg xfldn] p k|lt u/]sf] Pp6f k|]]d g} xf] lsgsL xfldn] pgsf] ;dfhLs ;]jfnfO{ Wofg lbPsf x'G5f}+ . k|]d eg]sf] Ps csf{ lars]f ulx/f] ;DaGw, bofn' / c? k|lt lrGtg ug'{ klg xf] . slxn] sfFxL xfldnfO{ klg o:t} k|sf/sf] cg'ej c? k|lt hfu]/ cfpg] ub{5 . a'4sf] cg';f/ xfldn] klg o;/L g} ;a} k|f0fLx? K|flt k|]d / ;b\efj /fVg' kb{5 . a'4 eGg'x'G5, “ h;/L cfdfn] cfˆgf] k|f0fsf] jf:tf gu/L PSnf] 5f]/fsf] /Iff ul5{g To;/L g} Psn] csf{nfO{ ;d:t k|fl0f x? k|lt cl;d k|]d /fVg'k5{” a'4 wd{df cl;d k|]dnfO{ d]Qf elgG5 ha xfld s;}sf] b'Mv lk8fsf] ;fdgf u5f}{ ta k|]dsf] ;DaGw :ki6 eP/ hfu]/ s?0f agL cfpg] ub{5 . To;}n] s?0ff eg]sf] c?sf] b'MvnfO{ b]v]/ dgdf k|]d hfUg' xf] . k]h %@ !$_ d]/f] ljrf/df tkfO bofn' / enfb\dL eP ;a} dlg;x? tkfOsf] kl5 nU5g\ xf]Og / < pQ/M l7s xf] / of] ;+ej klg 5 t/ ltld :jyL{ / 3[l0ft eP klg of] x'G5 lsgeg] ToxfF ;w} e/L ltdL eGbf 3[l0ft JoflQmx? x'g ;S5g\ To;sf] s'g} Uof/]G6L eg] 5}g . h] eP klg hasf]xL dflg;af6 ltd|f] /fd|f] kmn kfof] eg] ltldnfO{ ;DemG5g\ / ;Tsf/ ug]{ ub{5 . ltd|f] ;w}+ e/L w]/} ;flyx? Kflg x'G5g\ / c;xof]uL eGbf ;xof]uL ldqx? a9L x'G5g\ . clg ltdL lsg cfkm'n] cfkm'nfO dg k/fp5f}+ hals w]/} dfG5]x?nfO{ ltdL dg k/fpFb}gf} . Wofg !_ Wofg s] xf] < pQ/ M–Wofg eg]]sf] r]tgf k'0f{ k|of;n] lrQsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ b]Vg' xf] . kfnL efifdf WofgnfO{ efjgf elgG5 . h;sf] cy{ a[l4 ug'{ cyf{t lasf; ug'{ xf] . @_ Wofg dxTjk'0f{ 5 ls 5}g < pQ/ M–dxTjk'0f{ 5, lsgeg] xfldn] htL k|of; u/L c;n JolQm x'g rfx] klg t[i0ffnfO{ lg{d'n ug{ ;lsPg eg] xfld kl/j{tg x'g sl7g 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nfuL Ps hgf >Ldfgn] cfˆgf] >LdtLnfO{ cab]vL slxNo} klg cfqmf]lzt x'Gg elg afrf u/] t/ ! 306f kl5 >Ldfg cfˆgf] >LdtL k|lt 7'nf] :j/n] lrRofo]f lsgeg] xf]; geP/ c1fgtf a; l/; p7\of] To;}n] Wofgsf] ;fxfotfn] :d[lt zlSt a9fp5 / dfgl;s :jefjnfO kl/jt{gdf Nofpg Wofg cEof; cfjZostf kb{5 .
#_ d}n] ;'g]sf] 5' ls Wofg vt/f klg x'g ;S5, s] of] ;fFrf] xf] < pQ/ M afFRg xfldnfO{ g'g rflxG5 , t/ olb ltldn] ! lsnf] g'g Ps}rf]6L vfof} eg] ;+ejt dg{ klg ;S5f} , clxn]sf] gofF hdfgfdf df]6/ ufl8s]f cjZostf 5 t/ olb ltldn] 6«lkms lgod kfngf u/]gf} eg] jf olb /lS; lkP/ ufl8 rnfPdf Tof] df]6/ Pp6f vt/gfs lrh aGg k'U5 . Wofg klg o:t} xf] ;'v / dfgl;s :jf:y /xg of] cfjZos 5 . t/ olb uNtL af6f] ckgfO Wofg ug]{ cEof; u/]df of] vt/f klg x'g ;S5 / To;n] w]/} ;d:of k}bf klg u/fpg ;S5 . sfxL dfG5] x? pbflzg / dfgl;s tgfjn] u|:t x'G5g\ . ltlgx? ;f]R5g sL Tof] Wofg åf/f lgsf] x'G5 elg Wofg ug{ yfN5 t/ cj:yf emg lju|LP/ hfG5 , olb o:tf] ;d:of cfPdf t'?Gt of]Uo / hfg]sf] JoflQmsf] ;fxfotf lng' kb{5 / To;kl5 Wofg ug'{ plrt x'G5 . sf]lx dflg;x? qmdzM Ps b'O k6s u/L Wofg ug'{ kg]{df clt ulxl/P/ k|of; ub{5g , nfdf] ;do ;Dd ub{5g\ / cGltddf ylst x'G5g\ . w]/} h;f] Wofgsf] ;d:of eg]sf] s+u? Wofg (Kangaroo Mediation) xf] . sf]xL dflg;x? Ps u'? sxfF hfG5g\ s]xL ;do pxfFsf] t/Lsf cg';f/ Wofg u5{g Ps xKtf kl5 Ps hgf gfdL Wofg u'? To; ;x/df cfO k'U5g\ / pxfFsf] ljrf/ cg';f/ Wofg ug{ z'? ub{5g\ . o;/L z'? b]vL nfdf] ;do ;Dd lg/f; eP/ cndNndf kb{5g\ / s+uf? Hf:t} pkm|L/x]sf] x'G5 . Ps hgf Wofg u'?af6 csf]]]{ jf Ps t/Lsfaf6 csf]{ ug'{ g} unt xf] t/ olb ltdLdf s'g} dfglzs ;d:of 5}g eg] / Wofgdf nfuL /fd|/L k|of; u/]df of] g} ;aeGbf plrt / ltdL cfkm}sf] nfuL pkof]uL x'g]5 . $_ Wofg slt k|sf/sf 5g\ < pQ/ M a'4n] w]/} lsl;dsf] Wofg atfpg' ePsf] 5 x/]sfdf leGgf leGg} b'Mv lgjf/0f jf lrQ lasf;sf] nfuL atfpg' ePsf] xf] . t/ To; dWo]df @ lsl;dsf Wofg eg] clt k|rlnt 5g\ . tL cfgfkfgf ;lt / d]Qf efjgf x'g\ . %_ olb d}n] cfgfkfgf ;lt Wofg ug{ rfx] eg] s;/L ug]{ < pQ/ M ltldn] klxnf $ k|sf/sf ;fw/0f lalw ckgfpg ;S5f} . lt x'g s_ 7fFp v_ a:g] t/Lsf u_ Wofg 3_ ;d:ofx? . s_ ;a} eGbf klxnf plrt 7fFp cfjZos 5 , s'g} sf]7f jf cfjfh gcfpg] 7fFp , hxFf ltldnfO{ s'g} cj/f]w x'b}g . v_ /fd|f] / ;lhnf] kgn] a:g] cf;gdf rs6L /fv]/ a:g] , 9fF8 l;wf u/L a:g], bfFof xft afFof xftdfly /fvL sfvdf ;lhnf] ;Fu /fVg] / cfFvf aGb ug]{ / To;kl5 Wofg z'? ug]{ . zfGt ;Fu cfFvf aGb u/L ;s] kl5 :jf; leq / aflx/ uPsf]nfO Wofg lbg] / :jf; leq / aflx/ uPsf]nfO k]6 km'n]sf] / ;'s]s]f x]/]/ uGg ;lsG5 . To;/L u/L ;s] kl5 ljleGg ;d:ofx? pTklt eP/ cfFp5 . z/L/ e/L lrnfpg yfNb5, 3'F8f b'Vg yfNb5 To;f] eP klg zl// gxNnfOsg :jf; leq / aflx/ uPs]fnfO Wofg lbg] . ;+ejt ltlddf cg]s larf/x? lbdfudf 3':g ;Sb5 / Wofg cGt} lt/ nfg ;Sb5, To;f] ePdf ltldn] la:tf/ cfˆgf] :j; k|:jf; lt/ Nofpg' kb{5 , obL o;/L ub]{ uof] eg] ltd|f lrGtg larf/x? lj:tf/} sdhf]/ eP/ hfG5, / ltd|f] ;dfwL alnof] eP/ cfpF5 / cGTodf ltd|f] leq} b]lvsf] dfgl;stf / z/L/ clt zfGt / ;'v bfos x'G5 . ^_ d}n] slt nfdf] ;do ;Dd Wofg ug'{ kb{5 . pQ/ M x/]s lbg !% ldg]6 Wofg a:g] ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 . o;/L % ldg]6 b]vL $% ldg]6 ;Dd Wofg ug{ klg ;lsG5 . o;/L nuftf/ x/]s lbg Wofg ub}{ hfFbf cfˆgf] ;dfwL /fd|f] ePsf] cfkm}n] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . &_ d]Qf efjgf Wofg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < pQ/ M cfgfkfgf ;lt Wofgsf] ;'kl/rLt eO ;s] kl5 / nfuftf/ k|of; u/L ;s] k5L d]Qf efjgf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;a eGbf klxnf cfkm'n] cfkm'nfO a;df /fVg] jf Wofg lbP/ dg dg} cfkm}n] cfkm'nfO o;/L eGg ;lsG5 – dnfO{ ;'vL xf];\ dnfO{ zfGt xf];\ dnfO{ b'Mv af6 d'St xf];\ d]/f] dg bf]if af6 d'St xf];\ d]/f] dg d]Qfn] –k|]dn]_ e/Lof];\ , dnfO{ ;'v xf]; eGb} Ps Ps hgf u/]/ ckm'nfO{ dg kg]{ JoflQmnfO{ ;Demg] / To;kl5 ;dfg JolQmnfO clg g t dg k/]sf] g t dg gk/]sf] JolQmnfO ;Demg] / cGTodf dg gk/]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;Dem]/ ;a}s]f ;'lv / lg/f]uL lhjg ljtf]; eg]/ sfdgf ug]{ . *_ o:tf] lsl;dsf] Wofg ugf{n] s] kmfObf x'G5 < pQ/ M olb ltldn] d]Qf efjgf c6'6 ?kdf ub}{ nUof} jf 7Ls t/Lsfn] u¥of} eg] ltld cfkm}df ;s/fTds kl/jt{g cfpg] ub{5, l:jfsfg{ ;Sg] Ifdtf / cfkm'n] cfkm}nfO dflkm ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf x'G5 / cfˆgf] k|]dLx? nfO klg dfof a9\b} hfG5 . laleGg lsl;dsf dfG5]x? ;Fu klg t'?Gt} ;fly agfpg ;lsG5 / ltd|f] zq' jf s;};Fu qmf]w cflb ePdf Tof] lgd'{n eP/ hfG5, slxn] sfFlx olb lrg] hfg]sf] JoflQm hf] w]/} lj/fld b'MvL b/Lb| 5g\ eg] d]Qf efjgf eP/ ltlgx?sf] cj:yfnfO xn ePsf] klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . (_ o:tf] s;/L ;+ej 5 < pQ/ M lrQ . ha z'4 lrQn] k|of; ub}{ uof] eg] dfgl;s zlSt a9\5, olb xfldn] xfd|f] dfgl;s zlStnfO ckgfof}+ eg] To;n] c?k|lt c;/ ug{ ;S5, o:tf] cg'ej cfkm}df x'G5 ,;+ejtM ltld Pp6} sf]7fdf w]/} dflg;x? lar al;/x]sf] 5 / Ps hgf dfG5]n] ltldnfO x]/L/x]sf] 5 , ltdL otf ptf kms]{/ x]bf{ b]Vb5f} ls ltdLnfO{ sf]lx dflg;n] x]/L /x]sf]5 . To] s;/L ePsf] xf] eg], ltldn] Tof] dfG5]sf] dfgl;s zlStnfO tfGg ;s]s]f sf/0fn] xf] , o;}nfO nfO g} d]Qf efjgf eGg ;lsG5 . xfldn] ;s/fTds dfglzs zlSt pJhgL u/]/ Ps cfk;df af9\g ;lsG5 . !)_ s] c? lsl;dsf Wofgx? klg 5g\ < pQ/ M w]/} g} 5g\ , cGTodf ;+ejt w]/} dxTjk'0f{ Wofg ljk:;gf xf], o;sf] cy{ xf] ,leqsf] nfuL b]Vg' cyjf ulx/LP/ b]Vg' / o;nfO ljk:;gf Wofg elgG5 . !!_ To;f]eP ljk:;gf Wofg s] x]f < pQ/ M ljk:;gf ubf{, h] ;'s}eP klg, ljrf/ / ljrf/ pTklt k|lt s]lx k|lts[of glbO xf];df /xg' g} ljk:;gf xf] . !@_ o;s]f p2]Zo s] xf] < pQ/ M xfldn] k|foM h;f] dg k/]sf] / dg gk/]sf] cg'e'lt åf/f cg'ej ub{5f}+ cyjf cgfjZos larf/ , lbFp;} ;kgf b]Vg] jf sNkgf ug]{ , lolgx?sf] k|ltqm[of åf/f xfldn] b]Vg] cg'ejnfO{ c:ki6 / cgy{ u/LlbG5 . o;/L xf]; /fvL lagf k|lts[of åf/f xfldn] b]V5f}+ ls lsg xfld ljrf/ u5f}{, lsg xfld af]Nb5f}+ lsg xfld To;f] ub{5f}+, lgiro g} cfkm'n] a'em]sf] 1fgn] hLjgdf ;s/fTd/ kl/jt{g NofpF5 . csf]{ kmfObf eg]sf] cfˆgf] cg'ej / cfkm'lardf cGt/ k}bf ub{5 , ta xfd|f] k|ltlqmof xf]; of a]xf]; k|nf]eg jf ckdfg eP klg xfldn] clnslt eP klg To; af6 kl5 x6\g ;S5f}+ o;/L plrt jf cg'lrtnfO{ b]v]/ l7s af6f] ckgfO cuL a9\g ;S5f}+ o;/L xfd|f] hLjgdf w]/} ;xglzntfn] 7fFp lnG5 ,å]if efjn] xf]Og ls , t/ ;fw/0ftof xfdLn] cem al9 ;kmf ;Fu b]V5f}+ . !#_ To;f] eP s] ljk:;gf Wofgn] al9 /fd|f] / ;'lv hLjg ljtfpg ;xof]u lbG5 t < pQ/ M Tof] dfq w/} dxTjk'0f{ z'?jft xf], t/ ljk:;gf Wofgsf] p2]Zo Tof] eGbf pRr 5 . ha xfd|f] Wofg kSsf / ulx/f] x'b}+ hfG5 , ta xfldn] cg'ej ug{ ;S5f} ls of] ;'v xf] t/ JolQmut xf]Og, of] d lagf g} x'G5 , / d 5}g egL cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5, z'?df Wofg ubf{ Tof] ;'?jftsf] b[io xf] t/ Tof] kl5 uP/ cem al9 :ki6 eP/ cfpF5 . !$_ of] ;'Gbf t w]/} 8/ nfUbf] kf] 5 gL < pQ/M xf] 8/ nfUbf] 5 xf]Og t , / ;fRr}F eGg] xf] eg] , sf]xL dflg;x?n] o:tf] cg'ej u5{, ltlgx? clnslt 8/fpF5g\ t/ a'em\b} cfpF5g\ To]f ;a} x/fpb} hfG5g\ . lsgls ltgLx? ;w}+ el/P/ cfpg] a:t'x? elg b]lvG5 . o;/L g} 3dl08kg lj:tf/} x/fpFb} hfG5 clg d / d]/f] eGg] ;a} ljnfP/ hfG5, ;fFRr} of] g} a'4dflu{ox?sf] tfTko{ xf] . ;fFRr} g} ltlgx?sf] b[i6Lsf]0f kl/jt{g x'g yfNb5g\ , o;f] ljrf/ ubf{ x/]sf JoflQm ;dfh / ljijdf x'g] emu8fsf] h/f] g} 3dl08, hflto e]befj, jf b]z eQm x'g' uNtL xf] . wDsL / /f]bg :j/n] lrRrfP/ of] d]/f] xf], of] xfd|f] xf] eGg' uNtL xf] . a'4 wd{ cg';f/ ;fFRr}s]f ;'v / zflGt eg]sf] ha xfldn] cfˆgf] c;nL JoflQmTj kQf nufp5g\ Tof] xf], cx{Gt -1fg k|fKt x'g'_ . !%_ Tof] w]/} /fd|f] ljrf/ xf] t/ ;fy} 8/ klg nfU5 . olb cfk'm eGg]g} 5}g eg] cx{Gt ePsf] dfG5]n] s;/L lagf JoflQm sfd ug{ ;S5 < pQ/ M /fd|f] ljrf/ ,cx{Gt ePsf] dfG5]n] xfldnfO{ ;f]Wg ;S5 ls d eGg] g} 5}g eg] ltld s;/L sfd u5f}{ , s;/L ltd|f] / c?sf] b'Vv, lk8f, Oiof{, 3dl08 ;xg ;S5f} . ltldnfO{ slxn] klg lbSs nfUb}g ls d c? eGbf /fd|f] JoflQm , c? eGbf cuf8L 5' egL ef}tf/L+ /xFbf h'g ls Ps lbg ltldn] ;a} u'dfpg k5{, To;f] eP cx{Gt JolQm zfGt / l7s 7fFpdf l7s hLjg ljtfO/x]sf] 5 of] ;a} ltld xfdL g} xf}+ hf] cx{Gt ePsf 5}gf} dfq ;d:ofx? pJhfp5g\ . !^_ d}n] tkfOn] eGg' ePsf] a'+em] t/ cx{Gt x'gsf] nfuL slt nfdf] ;do ;Dd Wofg a:g'k5{ . pQ/ M of] eGg' c;+ej 5 t/ of] ;+ejt l7s} 5 . clg ltldn] lsg clxn] b]vL g} Wofg a:g z'? gu/]sf] t < clg x]/f}+ Wofgn] ltdLnfO{ sxfF ;Dd k'¥ofp5 . olb d]xgt u/]/ ,a'4Ldfg k'j{s Wofg u¥of} eg], lhjgdf cToflws k|utL cfpF5 / To; ;dodf Wofg / wd{sf] ljifodf /x]/ vf]h u/ kl5 Tof] g} ltd|f] lhjgdf dxTjk'0f{ ljifo eP/ cfpF5 . Wofg z'?ug'{ eGbf klxnf s'g} ljrf/ gu/L jf s'g} pRr :t/df k'Ug] cfzf gu/L Ps rf]6L kfO{nf cuf8L ;f/f}+ . !&_ s] Wofg l;Sg dnfO{ u'?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 < pQ/ M kb}{g , t/ JoflQmut ?kdf Wofgsf] ljifodf hfg]sf] JoflQmaf6 ;xof]u ln+bf clt ;xof]u ldNg]5 . cefUoa; sf]xL leIf' jf pk;s, pkfl;sfx? Wofg u'? eP/ l;sfpFb5 hjls pgLx?nfO yfxf 5}g, pgLx? s] ub}{5g\ eg]/ . Wofg ljifodf /fd|/L hfg]sf] a'em]sf] Wofg u'?af6 l;Sg' kb{5 h;n] ubf{ a'4sf] lzIffnfO{ :ki6 / cem glhs agfOlbG5 . !*_ cfhsfn lrlsT;s / dgf]a}1flgsx?n] Kflg w]/} g} Wofg ug{ yfn]sf 5g\, s] of] ;fFrf] xf] < pQ/ M ;fFrf] xf] , clxn] dfglzs /f]uaf6 lkl8t ePsfnfO{ w]/} g} Wofgsf] cfjZostf ePsf] 5 / ljleGg Jofj;fon] dfgl;s tgfanfO{ x6fpg / ck|dfbL -a]xf];L_ af6 aRg Wofgsf] ;fxfotf lng] u/]sf 5g\ . a'4n] atfpg' ePsf] Wofg cfhsf] dflg;sf] lrQnfO hlt k|efj k/]sf] 5 TotL g} k/fk'j{s sfndf klg lyof] . leIf' / leIf'0fLx? !_ a'4 wd{df wfld{s cWoog ;+:yfsf] dxTj 5 , leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] p2]Zo s] xf] / plgx?nfO s] s] ug'{ kb{5 < pQ/ M a'4n] agfpg' ePsf] leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] p2]Zo plrt / zfGt aftfj/0f ePsf] 7fFp agpg' xf], h;n] ubf{ Wofg efjgf ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 , pkfzs / pkflzsfx?n] leIf' leIf'0fLx?nfO{ rflxg] cfjZos a:t' k'¥ofO{ lbG5 , h:t} cfxf/, nufpg] rLj/, a:g] 7fFp / cf}ifwL ,h;n] ubf{ pgLx?n] Wofg efjgf / cWoog ug{ 6]jf ldNb5 . wd{ljgosf] kfngf / ;/n lhjg ljtfpg Wofg / zflGtsf] lgs} pkof]uL x'G5 . To;sf] abnf leIf' leIf'0fL x?n] cfkm'n] hfg]sf] wd{ pgLx?nfO{ l;sfOlbG5g\ / cfkm' klg c;n a'4 dflu{ ag]/ plrt pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf /xG5g\ . ;fFRr} eGg' kbf{ s]xL :t/df km/s b]lvG5g\ , / of] g} a'4sf] cfsf+Iff klg xf] , clxn] cfP/ leIf' leIf'0fLx? :s'ndf k9fp5g\ . sf]xL ;dfhLs ;]jf nfu]sf 5g\ eg] sf]xL snfsf/, sf]xL lrlsT;s / sf]xL /fhg}lts lt/ klg nfu]sf 5g\ . sf]xL eG5g\ olb a'4 wd{ k|rf/ x'G5 eg] To;f] x'g' klg l7s} 5 t/ sf]xL eG5g\ To;f] x'g'df leIf' / leIf'0fLx? ;lhn} ;Fu ;+;f/Ls ;d:of lt/ 9Nsg klg ;S5g\ . hjsL pgLx? Kflxnf] k6s ljxf/ hfFbf, s] p2]Zo lnP/ uPsf lyP, Tof] ltgLx?n] ljl;{lbG5g\ . @_ s:tf] k|sf/sf] JolQm leIf' jf leIf'0fL aG5g\ < pQ/ M w]/} lsl;dsf dflg;x?nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf O{R5fx? x'G5 h:t} kfl/jf/Ls lhjg sfd rfxgf, /fhg}lts , wd{ cflb , lt dWo]df w]/} h;f] kfl/jf/Ls lhjg / sfddf a9L Wofg /fV5g\ c? rfFlx To;df sd} Wofg lbG5g\ h;n] a'4sf] lzIffnfO cWoog / Wofg efjgf u5{ eg] . p;sf] lhjgdf Tof] g} ;a}eGbf dxTjk'0f{ x'G5 . ha ;a} lrh j:t' nfO{ Tofu]/ cnu cnu x'G5 To:tf dfG5]nfO ;fob leIf' jf leIf'0fL aGg] OR5f x'G5 . #_ cx{Gt x'gnfO s] leIf' jf leIf'0fL g} aGg' k5{ < pQ/ M cj:o kb}{g, s]lx a'4sf cu|>fjsx? u[x:yL lyP , sf]xLn] leIf'x?nfO Wofg ;d]t l;sfpg ;Sy] . a'4 wd{nfO a'em\g' clt cfjZos 5 / leIf' a:q nufPklg lhg kfOG6nufP klg To;df s]xL klg km/s 5}g . cyjf s]fxL 3/df jf ljxf/df a;] klg , sf]xL ljxf/df a:5g\ To;s]f kmfObf jf a]kmfObf plrt aftfj/0fdf a;]/ Wofg efjgf ug'{g} xf] . sf]xL 3/d} a:5g\ b'Mv / ;'v ePklg Tof] g} plgx?sf] nfuL plrt 7fFp x'G5, To;}n] ;a} dfG5]df leGgtf 5 .
$_ lsg leIf' / leIf'0fLx? Kf+x]nf] a:q nufpF5g\ < pQ/ M k|flrgsfndf ha ef/tLox? H+fundf a:5g\ / ltlgx?nfO yfxf 5 ls , s'g ?vsf] kft klxnf em5{ eg]/ lsg eg] Tof] kft ls t k+x]nf] jf ;'Gtnf /+usf] jf v}/f] b]lvG5, To;sf] kl/0ffd Tof] a]nfsf] ef/tdf k+x]nf] /+usf] cy{ g} u[x Tofu ug'{sf] cy{ lbG5 . To;}n] leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] rLj/sf] k+x]nf] x'g' g} s'g} lrh a:t' k|lt cfzlQm gx'g' xf] kl/jt{g x'g glbg / Tofu ug'{ o;sf] cy{ xf] . %_ leIf' / leIf'0fLx?n] skfn v}f/g'sf] p2]Zo s] xf] < pQ/ M w]/} h;f] xfdL cfkm\gf] b[i6L z/L/nfO{ Wofg lbG5f} / laif]z u/L skfn nfO{, dlxnfx?sf] nfuL skfn /fd|f] agfpg' w]/} dxTjk'0f{ 5 eg] k'?ifnfO eg] tfn' xf]nf eGg] 8/ , xfldn] xfd|f] skfn nfO /fd|f] agfpg To;nfO ;do lbg' kb{5, skfn vf}/g'df leIf' / leIf'0fLx? cfkm}n] ;dodf v}/G5g\ . skfn v}f/g'sf] cy{ csf]{ cy{ xf] cfWoflTds / zfl//Ls kl/jt{gnfO Wofg lbP/ xf];Lof/ x'g' klg xf] . ^_ leIf' aGg' w]/} /fd|f] xf] obL ;a} leIf' ag] eg] s] ug]{ < pQ/ M s'g} ;dodf s'g} Ps hgfn] o:t}vfnsf] k|Zg u/], bGt lrlsT;s x'g' w]/} /fd|f] xf] t/ olb ;a} dlg; bGt lrlsT;s eP elg s] ug]{ . :s'ndf k9fpg] df:6/ x'b}+g , eft ksfpg] dfG5] x'b}+g, 6\Sof;L rnfpg] 8«fOe/ x'b}g , :s'ndf k9fpg] df:6/ x'g' w]/} /fd|f] xf] t/ ;a} dfG5] dfi6/ eof] eg] s] ug]{, ToxFf s'g} klg bGt lrlsT;s x'b}g cflb, a'4n] slxn] klg eGg'ePsf] 5}g ls ;a} dfG5] leIf' jf leIf'0fL aGg' k5{ eg]/ / of] slxn] klg x'g]5}g . h] h;f] ePklg ;w} e/L dfG5] x? ;/n lhjg ljtfpg rfxG5 / u[x Tofu ub{5g\ w]/} h;f] a'4sf] lzIff af6 k|efljt eP/ ;a} Tofu ub{5g / To;}u/L bGt lrlsT;s / :s'n dfi6/ ;Fu klg cfˆgf] ljifodf lgk'0f{tf / 1fgL 5g\ h;n] ;dfhdf afFRg Ps cfk;df ;xof]u ub{5g\ . ^_ Tof] t l7s 5 , h;n] k9fpF5, lstfa n]V5 jf ;dfh;]jf u5{ t/ c? leIf' / leIf'0fLx? hf] s]xL klg ub}{gg\ t/ Wofg u5{g\ eg] Tof] ;dfhsf] nfuL s] sfd nfUof] t < pQ/ M ltldn] Wofg ug]{ leIf'nfO vf]Hg] a}1flgs ;Fu t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;dfhn] vf]hL ug]{ a}1fgLsnfO ;xof]u u5{ hf] k|of]uzfnfdf dfq} a;L /fV5 / cfzf u5{g sL p;n] gofF gofF cGa]if0f u/L kQf nufP/ ;fw/0f hgtfnfO lbG5g\ To;}u/L a'4 wd{sf] ;dfhdf klg WofgL leIf'nfO ;xof]u ub{5g\ , lsgeg] p;n] Wofg 1fg k|fKt u/]/ ;fw/0f hgtfsf] pksf/sf] cfzf ub{5 . t/ klg of] x'g' eGbf cufl8 jf ePg eg] klg WofgL leIf'n] c?sf] pksf/ u/]sf] x'G5 . sf]xL cfw'gLs a}1flgsx? , :jOR5frf/Ln] wgL / k|Voft x'g rfxG5 . To; k|sf/sf] k|Voftn] lagf; lt/ nfG5 / cfzSt eP/ To;sf] kl5 nfU5 jf O{Zof{ ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nfuL WofgL leIf'nfO wgLx'g'sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g t/ ;Gt'i6 x'g'g} xf] To;}n] xfldn] a'em\g' k5{ sL ;fw/0f / ;/n lhjg ljtfpg' g} kmfObf hgs 5 . &_ d}n] ;'g]sf] 5' sL clxn] leIf'0fLx? 5}gg\ < s] of] ;fFrf] xf] < pQ/ M leIf'0fL x? ;+3 a'4sf] kfnfdf a'4n] agfpg' ePsf] xf] / a'4 wd{ k|rf/ ug{df %÷^ ;o aif{ ;Dd leIf'0fLx?sf] w]/} dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf lyof] . t/ s]xL sf/0f a; leIf'0fLx?n] cfb/ ;Ddfg kfpg ;s]gg\ jf leIf'x?nfO{ h:t} ;xof]u gldn]sf] sf/0fn] ef/t, >Ln+sf, ltJat / blIf0f pQ/ Pl;ofdf leIf'0fL zf;g x/fP/ uof] . To;f] eP klg tfOjfg sf]/Lof / hfkfgdf eg] leIf'0fL zf;g cem} afFsL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfhsn >Ln+sfdf leIf'0fL zf;gnfO k'g{pTyfg ug]{ z'? ePklg s]lx lgsfo åf/f s'g} rf;f] g/fv]sf] b]lvG5 . h] eP klg a'4sf] z'4 1fgnfO l:jsfg]{ xf] eg] b'j} k'?if / dlxnfx? Wfd{ ljgodf /x]/ hLjg ljtfO To;af6 kmn k|fKt ug'{ g} l7s x'g]5 .
a'4 wd{sf u|Gyx?
!_ k|foM h;f] ;a} wd{x?df wfld{s u|Gyx? Nf]v]sf] kfOG5 . a'4 wd{sf] wfld{s u|Gy rfFxL s] xf] < pQ/ M a'4 wd{sf] wfld{s u|GynfO “ltlkts” elgG5 , of] ef/tLo k|flrg efiffdf n]lvPsf] lyof] , h;nfO{ kfnL efiff elgG5 . h'g a'4n] af]Ng] efiff glhs k5{ , ltlkts lstfa w]/} 5g\ , c+u|hL cg'jfbdf dfq} o;sf] sl/a $) j6f htL 5g\ . @_ ltlktssf] cy{ s] xf] < pQ/ M of] @ zJbn] ag]sf] 5 . lt sf] cy{ ltg, / lkts sf] cy{ 6f]s/L xf] . klxnf] efunfO{ ;'Qlkts elgG5 . h;df a'4n] / pxfFsf cx{Gt lzZon] atfpg' ePsf] z'4 xf] . ;'Qlktssf] laifo a:t' leGgf leGg} 5g\ ,h'g a'4n] ljleGg JolQmx?nfO leGg leGg} 7fFpdf atfpg' ePsf] lyof] . ToxL w]/} h;f] a'4sf] b]zgfsf] ?kdf 5 eg] s'g} 5nkmnsf] ?kdf 5 . c? h:t} wDd kbn] a'4 lzIffnfO slatfsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . hfts klg To;sf] Ps pbfx/0f xf] h;df /dfOnf hgfj/sf] syf ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\, bf];|f] efu ljgo lkts xf] . o;df leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] nfuL lgod / sfo{k|0ffnLx? ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . cGTo cyf{t t];|f] efunfO cle wDd lkts elgG5, of] uxlsnf] / a'em\g uf¥xf] ljifonfO ljin]if0f u/LPsf] / 5'6\ofP/ ;+u7g u/L Pp6fdf ;dfj]; u/L ldnfO agfOPsf] u|Gy xf] . cle wDd lkts b'O{ eGbf kl5 n]vLPsf] ePtf klg o;df cGt/ut s'g} klg lt b'O lkts k|KtL k|ltjfb jf lj/f]w 5}g . lktssf] zAb k|flrg ef/tdf sfdbf/x?n] ;fdfg cf];f/ k;f/ ubf{ 6f]s/Laf6 Ps 7fFpaf6 csf]{ 7fFpdf nfg k|of]u ePsf] lyof] . 6f]s/L pgLx?n] ldn]/ csf]{ dfG5]nfO kf; ug]{ ub{Yof], o;/L bf]xf]¥ofP/ km]/L hfGYof] / km]/L lnP/ cfpg] ub{Yof] . a'4sf] kfnfdf klg n]Vg] rng lyof] t/ dfG5]sf] lbdfudf ;Dem]/ /fVg' eGbf Tof] clgZrLt lyof] lstfa aif{ Ct'df uNg ;SbYof] jf lstfa sldnfn] vfg ;SYof] t/ dfG5]sf] lbdfu eg], gd/] ;Dd /xL /xg] x'G5 h;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k leIf' / leIf'0fLx?n] a'4sf] lzIffnfO lbdfudf ;Dem]/ /fvL Psn] csf{nfO l;sfO lbGy] . h:tf] ls 6f]s/Ldf /x]sf] df6f] / O§f Psn] csf{nfO lbg' h:t} xf] , o;} sf/0fn] a'4 wd{sf] u|GynfO{ 6f]s/L elgPsf] xf] . o;/L ltlkts !)) cf}+ aif{ ;Dd l6Sof] / ;g\ !)) B.C. df >Ln+sf df n]Vg z'? eof] .
#_ olb ltlkts lbdfudf ;+em]/ / w]/} jif{ ;Dd arfFPsf] eP Tof] cljZjf;gLo x'GYof] w]/} h;f] a'4sf] lzIff kl/jt{g eO x/fO ;SYof] xf]Og / < pQ/ M u|Gysf] arfj6 leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] ;+u7gfTds k|of; xf] . pgLx? ;w} e/L ;a} Ps} 7fFpdf a;]/ ;w}+ ltlkts kf7 ug]{ ub{Yo] . o;n] ubf{ To;df s'g} kl/jt{g jf yKg' eg]sf] c;+ej 5 . o;/L ljrf/ ug'{xf]nf, h:tf] ls !)) hgf dflg;nfO Pp6f lut cfpF5 t/ ;Fu} ufpFbf Ps b'O hgfn] ufP/ csf]{ gofF zAb yKg vf]Hbf s:tf] x'G5 , Tof] uLt < lglZrt ;+Vofn] ufPsf] lutdf Ps hgfn] uNtL ufP klg To;nfO ;RrfO lbG5 . csf]{ dxTjk'0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] , Tof] a]nf s'g} l6=le= lyPg , ;dfrf/ lj1fkg lyPg , h;n] ubf{ lrQnfO vNjnfO cs}{ lt/ cfs{lift ug{ ;Sb}gYof] . h'g Tof] a]nf leIf' leIf'0fLx? ;fd'lxs Wofg kfngf ub{y] . h;sf] dtna pgLx?sf] ;+emg ;Sg] zlSt w]/} /fd|f] lyof] , clxn] klg lstfa k|of]hgdf cfO;Sbf klg sf]xL leIf'x? ;a} ltlk6s ;+emg ;Sg]x? 5g\ . leIf' d]guf]ª ;fobf]n] ;a} ltlkts pxfFsf] lbdfudf /fv]sf 5g\ . pxfFn] lulgha'sdf ;+;f/sf] ;a} eGbf al9 ;Demg ;Sg] JoflQmsf] ?kdf /]s8{ /fv]sf lyP pxfF ad]{nL gfu/Ls lyP . $_ tkfOn] kfnL eGg' eof] Tof] s] xf] < pQ/ M kfnL Pp6f efiffsf] gfd xf], h'g efiffdf a'4 wd{sf] u|Gyx? Nf]lvof] . s;}n] eGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ ls a'4n] s] efiff af]Nby], t/ k/Dk/f cg';f/ kfnL efiff eg]/ ljZjf; u/LG5, olb pxfFn] of] efiff af]Ng x'Gg lyof] eg] ;+ejt c? s'g} of] efiff ;+u glhssf] efiff af]Ng' x'GYof], tYo s'/f t of] xf] ls pxfF 7fFpdf 3'Dg' eof] / w]/} 7fFpdf b]zgf klg ug'{ eof] To;f] x'Fbf a'4n] w]/} efiff af]Ng] ug'{ x'GYof] , h'g To;a]nfsf] pQ/ ef/tdf kb{Yof] . %_ lt u|Gyx? a'4 dflu{ox?nfO slQsf dxTjk'0f{ 5 < pQ/ M ltlkts s'g} b]jtf xf]Og, s'g} OZj/n] lbPsf] rdTsf/ klg xf]Og , To;}n] a'4 dflu{ox?n] o;nfO ljZjf; ug]{ k5{ eGg] klg 5}g . a? of] Ps dxfg JoflQmn] lzsfPsf] 1fg xf] h;n] lgZlrt ?kdf JofVof lbO ;Nnfx / ;fx; lbPsf 5g\ . ;lx af6f] b]vfPsf 5g\ / xfldn] ljrf/k'0f{ cWoog / uf}/a ug'{ k5{ , xfd|f] p2]Zo eg]sf] ltlk6ssf] lzIffnfO a'em\g' xf] ,ljZjf; ug{' xf]Og . To;}n] a'4n] eGg' ePsf] 5 , xfdL cfkm}n] cfˆgf] cg'ej åf/f hfFr, a'em ug'{ k5{ , ltldn] eGg ;S5f} ls a'4 dflu{ox?sf] u|Gyx? k|ltsf] Jojxf/, eg]sf] Ps a}1fgLsn] vf]hL u/L kQf nufPsf] a:t' ,cfˆgf] lj1fg cvjf/df 5kfpg' h:t} xf], Ps a}1flgsn] ckm'n] hfFr a'em u/L cg'ej u/]sf] ;a} ;f/+z k|sflzt u/Llbof] eg] To;}u/L c?a}1flgsx?n] klg To; cvjf/nfO uf}/atf sf ;fy k9\g] ub{5g\ t/ ltlgx?n] t'?Gt ljZjf; ub}{gg\ , ha ;Dd ltlgx?n] ldNbf] kl/0ffd kfpb}gg\ . ^_ klxn] tkfOn] wDd kb eGg' eof] , Tof] s] xf] < pQ/ M wDd kb Ps ltlk6ssf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] klxnf] efu xf] , ;Tosf] af6f] jf ;To syg klg eGg] u/LG5 . o;df hDdf $@# :nf]sx? 5g\ . h;df ulDe/ ;f/ pkdfx/ / s]xL ;f}Gbo{sf] ljifox? 5g\ h'g a'4n] atfpg' ePsf] lyof] . kmn :j?k wDd kb ;a} eGbf k|rlntdf cfPsf] a'4 ;flxTo xf] . of] w]/} efiffx? Aff6 cg'jfb e};s]s]f 5 . ;+;f/sf] ;j{>]i7 wfld{s ;flxTosf] ?kdf lrgf/L eO ;s]sf] 5 .
&_ s;}n] dnfO{ eGof] ls of] u|Gy tn e'FOdf jf sfvLdf /fVg' x'b}g, t/ pRr :t/df dfly /fVg' k5{ /] s] of] ;fFrf] xf] < pQ/ M clxn] ;Dd klg s]lx a'4 wd{ dfGg] b]zx?df / dWo o'/f]kdf h:t}, lstfax?sf] w]/} cefj / d'Nojfg a:t' ;dfg 5g\ . To;}n] u|Gyx? w]/} uf}/j ;fy ;hfpg] u/LG5 / kl5 cfP/ ltldn] eg] h:t} of] rng rNtL eP/ cfPsf] xf] . h'g ;'s} eP klg ha rng / k/Dk/fn] rln cfP klg l7s} 5 , cfh ef]nLsf] dfG5]x? To;df ePsf] 1fg u'0fsf] s'/fnfO a'em]/ cEof; u/L uf}/j ug'{df g} ;xdtL 5g\ . *_ a'4 wd{sf u|Gyx? k9\g dnfO w]/} g} uf¥xf] 5, lsgsL ltgLx? Wf]/} nfdf] / bf]xf]¥ofO t]x¥ofO n]vLPsf 5g\ To;}n] k9\bf cN5L klg nfU5 . pQ/ M ha xfld wfld{s u|Gyx? kN6fpF5f} tj xfld rfxG5f} , tf/Lkm, v'lz / k|;+zf , h;n] ubf{ xfldnfO k|]/0ff lbG5 . kmn :j?k sf]xLn] a'4 wd{sf] u|Gy k9]/ cln lg/fz x'G5g\ ha ls s]lx a'4 argx? /dfOnf / ;f}Gbo{ 5g\ . w]/} h;f] bz{g / JofVof clg xf];Lof/ k'j{s sf/0f ;lxtsf] afb ljjfb / k'0f{?kdf Jofjxf/Ls ;'emfj cyjf Wofg / ;To argx? ;dfj]z 5g\ . lt ;a} dfgl;s pQ]hg eGbf 1fgsf] s'/f a9L 5 , ha xfld a'4 wd{sf u|Gyx?nfO c? wd{ ;+u t'ngf gu/L x]¥of}+ eg], ltdLcfkm}n] b]Vg ;S5f} , To;sf] cfˆg} k|sf/sf] ;f}Gb{otf h;df :jR5 ;f}Gbo{ ulx/f] ;f}Gb{otf / 1fg a'4Lsf] ;f}Gbo{tf cflb 5g\ . (_ d}n] k9]+ of] u|Gy ;a}eGbf klxnf tfn kqdf n]vLPsf] lyof] , lsg To;f] u/LPsf] lyof] < pQ/ M xf] , lsgeg] Tof] ;dodf ef/t / >Ln+sf df sfhu kQf nfu]sf] klg lyPg, ;fw/0f tof s]xL lr7Lx? lx;fa lstfa / c?sfo{x? hgfj/sf] 5fnfdf kmnfdsf] kftfdf cyjf tfn kqdf n]lvGYof] . a'4dflu{ox? Hfgfj/sf] 5fnfdf n]Vg dg k/fpFb}gy] . / kmnfdfs] kftfdf klg n]Vb}gy] . lsgeg] w]/} dxuf]+ / af]Sg ufXf] x'GYof],/ cGTodf tfn kqdf n]lvof] . tfn kq tof/ e};s] kl5 Ps cfk;df wfu]f n] af8\b5g\ / @ sf7sf] lardf /fV5g\ , h;n] ubf{ ;lhnf] / alnof] x'g] ub{Yof] . h'gsL clxn]sf] lstfa h:t} aG5 , ha a'4 wd{ lrgdf k'Uof] u|Gyx? /]zdL n'ufdf jf sfuhdf n]vLof] , %)) aif{ kl5 w]/} u|Gyx? rflxg]dfqfdf pknAwL u/fpg 5fkfsf] kQf nfUof] . ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] 5fkf af6 lgsfnLPsf] lstfa lrg efiffdf ePsf] kfOG5 ,h'g a'4 arg lyof], To] lstfa ;g\ *@* df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] .
Oltxf; / lasf;
!_ xfndf a'4 wd{ w]/} dlg;n] ljleGg b]zx?df dfGg yfn] of] s;/L eof] < pQ/ M a'4sf] kl/lgj{fg ePsf] !%) aif{ leq d} pQ/ ef/tdf lgs} k|rf/ ePsf] lyof] , To;kl5 ;g\ @^@ B.B. df df}o{ /fhf czf]sn] a'4 wd{ ckgfO pgsf ;a} /fHox?df k|rf/ u/]sf lyo , To;kl5 w]/} dfG5]x? o; wd{df cfs|lzt ePsf lyP . ljif]z u/L lxGb' wd{sf] hft eftsf] ljkIfdf cfPsf lyP, ;d|f6 czf]sn] ;+ufogf u/]/ cfˆgf] l5d]sL b]zx?df wd{ b't leIf'x?nfO{ wd{ k|rf/sf nfuL k7fPsf lyP , h'g To;a]nf o'/f]k ;Dd klg k'u]sf lyP . o;sf] ;a}eGbf ;kmn ePsf] b]z >Ln+sf xf] . plxn] b]vL clxn] ;Dd klg 6fk'df a'4 wd{ afFls g} /Xof] . c? wd{b't x? blIf0f / klZrd ef/t clxn]sf] sfl:d/ / blIf0f efusf] adf{ / yfOn]08sf] pklåk ;Dd k'u] , Ps ztfAbL kl5 jf To;kl5 ckmuflg:tfg / ef/tsf] pQ/df /x]sf] kxfl8o e'–efu ;Dd a'4 wd{ k|rf/ eof] . leIf'x? Jofkf/Lx? ;+u} dWo Pl;ofdf wd{ k|rf/sf] nfuL k'u] / cGTodf lrg / ToxfF af6 sf]/Lof x'b}+ hfkfg k'u]sf lyP .
of] /f]rssf] ljifo xf] lsgsL a'4 wd{ dfq a}b]lzs larf/wf/f ;+u dfq d]n vfG5 h'g lrgdf k'u]sf] lyof], vf;u/L >Ln+sfsf leIf'x?sf] k|of; åf/f !@ cf}+ ztfAbLdf adf{, yfOn]08, nfcf]; / sDaf]l8of h:tf] b]zx?sf] d'Vo wd{ g} a'4 wd{ x'g of]Uo eof] .
@_s;/L / sxLn] b]vL ltAjtLx? a'4 dflu{ eP < pQ/ M cf7f}+ ztfAbLdf ltAjtsf /fhfn] ef/taf6 leIf'x? / u|Gyx? Nofpg /fhb't k7fPsf lyP, a'4 wd{ t NofOof] t/ ltAjtsf k'/fgf] af]g wd{sf k'/f]lxt x?n] la/f]w u/]sf] sf/0f a'4 wd{n] 7fFp kfpg ;s]g / cGTodf !! cf}+ ztfAbLdf ef/taf6 w]/} leIf'x? / wd{ u'?x? ltAjt cfOk'u] / a'4 wd{sf] pTyfg eof] . To;a]nf b]vL ltAjt klg a'4 wd{ dfGg] b]z eof] . #_ s] To; eP a'4 wd{ w]/} k|rf/ eof] < pQ/ M TotLdfq xf]Og ToFxf s]xL cTofrf/ 36gfx? Kflg 5g\ . h'g a'4 wd{ k|rf/sf] k|tL/f]w eP t/ klg k|of; eP / l;kfxLx?sf] lah]tf em}+ eof] / a'4 wd{ ;w}+ ;/n lhjg lhpg] k2lt xf] / s;}nfO ljZjf; ug{df afWotf t'Nofpg' a'4dflu{ox?sf] s'g} rf;f] 5}g . $_ w]/} b]zx?df k'u]/ a'4 wd{n] s] k|efj kf¥of] < pQ/ M ha wd{b't eO uPsf leIf'x? ljleGg b]zx?df k'u] ltgLx?n] a'4 wd{sf] 1fg dfq nu]gg\ plgx?n] plrt ;+:s[tL klg ;fydf nu]sf lyP . leIf'x?n] cfkm'df ePsf] hl8 a'6Lsf] 1fg klg k|rf/ u/]sf lyP . t/ g t >Ln+sf, ltAat, g t c? s'g} dWo Pl;ofnL b]zx?df leIf'x?n] k|rf/ u/]sf] elg n]vLof] < of] g} kl5 kl5 laleGg larf/, 1fg kl/jt{g u/L n]vLof] . a'4 wd{ cfpg'eGbf klxn] ltAat / d+uf]nLogx? H+funL h:t} lyP, ha a'4 wd{ cfP plgx? ;/n / ;Eo lhjg ljtfpg] ePsf lyP . ef/tdf alnlbg] k|yf sd ePsf] sf/0f a'4 wd{ xf] / s]xL ;do ;Dd hflto e]befj sd eof] / xfndf a'4 wd{ o'/f]k / cd]/Lsfdf k|rf/ eof] clg klZrd]nLx?df klg gofF gofF z'?jft x'b}+5 / o;sf] k|efjn] dflg;x?sf] ljrf/df kl/jt{g NofpFb}5 . %_ a'4 wd{ ef/tdf s;/L ktg eof] < pQ/ M o;af/]df s;}n] klg lrQ a'em\g] u/L JofVof lbPsf 5}gg\, sf]xL Oltxf;sf/x? eG5g\ , a'4 wd{df w]/} ljs[tL cfPsf]n] hgtfx? o;sf] ljkIfdf x'g yfn] , c? eG5g\, a'4 wd{n] lxGb' wd{sf] larf/nfO ld>Lt u/]sf]n] 5'6\ofpg g;lsg] eof] csf]{ larf/df leIf'x? 7'nf] 7'nf] ljxf/df ;?jf eP/ uP , hxfF /fhfsf] ;xof]u ldNbYof] / kl5 of] ;fw/0f dfG5]nfO x:tfGq0f u/Lof] , o;/L h'g;'s} sf/0fx? eP klg *÷( cf}+ ztfAbLdf a'4 wd{ w]/} g} ktg eO ;s]sf] lyof] , ha d':nLdx?n] cft+s / xdnf u¥of] !#cf}+ ztfAbLdf ;Dk'0f{ ?kn] a'4 wd{sf] ktg eof] .
^_ ef/tdf cem}klg s]xL a'4 wd{dfGg]x? 5g\ xf]Og / < pQ/ M xf], 5g\ / ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] @) cf}+ ztfAbLdf cfP/ aNn a'4 wd{sf] z'?jft eof] , ;g\ !(%^ df Ps cIf't hftn] a'4 wd{ dfGg yfn] lsgeg] p / pgsf hgtfx?n] lxGb' wd{sf] hft / eft k|yfsf] sf/0fn] w]/} b'Mv ef]u]sf lyP . To;a]nf b]vL *) nfv dflg;x? a'4 wd{sf] z/0fdf cfPsf lyP / o;sf] ;+Vof cem} a9\b} 5 . &_ a'4 wd{ klZrd]nL b]zdf slxn] cfof] < pQ/ M ;+ejt ;a}eGbf klxnf ;g\ # B.C. df /fhf cn]Sh]08/sf] nf8fO kl5 lu|saf6 a;fFO ;/]/ cfPsfx? a'4 dfu{ ag] , Pp6f lgs} k'/fg]f lstfa ldlnGb k|Zg h'g leIf' gfu;]g / OGbf] lu|s /fhf ldlnGbf]sf] 5nkmn xf] t/ xfndf !( cf}+ ztfAbLdf w]/} a'4LlhjLx?n] a'4 wd{sf u|Gyx? efiff cg'jfbsf] ;fy} ljleGg n]v n]v]/ k|;+zf / uf}/a ;fy k|rf/ ug{ yfn] . ;g\ !())df s]xL klZrd]nLx? cfkm'nfO a'4dflu{o eGg yfn] eg] sf]xL !,@ hgf leIf' ;d]t ag] / ;g\ !(^) b]vL klZrd]nL a'4dfuL{ aGg yfn] / clxn] sd} eP klg w]/} klZrd]nL b]zx?df pNn]vgLo ;+Vofdf a'4 dflu{ox? 5g\ . *_ ljleGg k|sf/sf] a'4 wd{af/] s]xL atfpg'xf];\ < pQ/ M a'4 wd{ pRrsf] d+uf]nLof b]vL dflNbE; ;Dd , afvf b]vL afnL ;Dd eg] h:t} leGbf leGb} ;+:s[tLsf JolQmx?nfO{ g} ;f]Wg' a]; xf]nf . o;/L w]/} ztfAbL ;Dd :yflkt eP/ dflg;sf] ;dfhdf /Xof] / ljsfz x'b}+ cfof] . o;sf] kl/0ffd ha af:tljs wd{sf] pTyfg eof] , To;/L g} aflx/L a:t'sf] kl/jt{g x'g' :jefljs lyof] cfh ef]nL ltg k|sf/sf a'4 wd{x? 5g\ – y]/jfb, dfxfofg, / jh|ofg x'g . (_ y]/jfb s] xf] < pQ/ M y]/jfbsf] cy{ xf] c6'6 ?kdf a'4sf] kfnf b]vL rnLcfPsf], h]i7 wd{ xf] . / o;sf] ;a} eGbf k'/fgf] u|Gy kfnL xf] h;df ;Dk'0f{ a'4 argx? ;dfj]; ePsf 5g\ . y]/jfb w]/} ?l9jflb 5g\ . s'g} klg wd{ ljgo kl/jt{g ug{ grfxg] / wd{ / ljgonfO{ g} d'Vo dfG5g\ , h'g ;fg]f ltgf] b]vL lnP/ s8f ljgo ;Dd ;dfa]z ePsf 5g\ . cfh ef]nL y]/jfb dfGg] b]zx? Hf:t} >Ln+sf ,adf{, yfONof08, nfcf]; , sDaf]l8of / c? Pl;ofsf] blIf0fk'j{sf b]z x? x'g\ .
!)_ dfxfofg s] xf] <
pQ/ M klxnf] ztfJbL 1 B.C.lt/ a'4 wd{ cem al9 ulx/f] ?kdf kQf nufPsf] cg'dfg ul/G5 , ;dfhsf] kl/jt{g cg';f/ gofF 9+un] a'4 wd{sf] k|rf/ ug'{ cfjZos lyof] o;/L laleGg ljBfnox?df lasfzsf] ;+u;+u} of] wd{ klg cl3 a9\of] / eGg yfn] dfxfofg wd{ , h;sf] cy{ xf] dxfg aftf] . lsg eg] plgx?n] eGg yfn] of] ;a}sf] nfuL plrt 5 , leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] nfuL dfq xf]O{g o;/L of] ef/tsf] d'Vo wd{ x'g uof] / clxn] lrg tfOjfg, sf]/Lof , leotgfd / hfkfgdf dfGg] u/]sf 5g\ , y]/jfbLx?n] eGg yfn] sL dfxfofg wd{n] a'4sf] lzIffnfO{ aª\ufo]]f, To;f]eP klg dfxfofg eGg] ub{5g\ s]xL cfjZos ePdf kl/jt{g ug{ ldNg] of] a'4n] l:jsf/]sf] tYo xf] , plgx?sf] cy{df eGbf ah|+f7sf] ?vnfO lju|fg] ah|f+7sf] kmn eg] em}+ a'4 wd{nfO{ lju|fg] plgx?sf] efjfy{ xf]Og .
!!_ d}n] lxgofg eg]sf] zAb w]/} k6s ;'g]sf] 5' To;sf] cy{ s] xf] <
pQ/ M ha dfxfofgsf] ljsfz eof] ltlgx? klxn]sf] a'4 wd{af6 5'l§g rfxGy] ,To;}n] plgx? cfkm}n] cfkm}nfO dfxfofg eGg yfn] h;sf] cy{ dfxfg aftf] / klxn]sf] a'4 wd{nfO lxgofg elg gfdfs+/0f u/Lof] .h;sf] cy{ xf] t'R5 aftf] . To;}n] lxgofg eg]sf] dfxfofg x?n] lbPsf Ps lgsfo xf] .
!@_ ah|ofg eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/ M ha ef/tdf lxGb' wd{sf] k'g/pTyfg x'b}+uof] ;g\ ^ b]vL & cf}+ ztfAbL lt/ ah|ofgsf] ljsfz ;'? eof] . ah|ofg lxGb'wd{n] ljrf/wf/fdf k|efljt ePsf] lyof] . ljz]ifu/L b]jL b]jtfnfO k'hf ug]{ / l/tL l/jfh o;sf] :ki6 hafkm xf] . !! cf}+ ztfAbL lt/ ah|ofgsf] :yfkgf plrt ?kn] ltAjtdf eof] hxfF w]/} ljslzt kl/jt{g Nofof] . ah|ofgsf] cy{xf] lx/fsf] aftf] / o;nfO 6'qmf ug{ g;sLg] eGg] g} pgLx?sf] ts{ xf] . k/Dk/fut a'4 u|Gyx?nfO eGbf w]/} h;f] csf]{ ah|ofgf] tGqdf al9 e/ kb{5 . To;}n] lognfO{ tGqofg klg elgG5 . ah|ofgn] cfhsn d+uf]nLof , ltAat, g]kfn , e'6fg / ef/tdf a;]sf ltAatLx?n] dfGb5g\ .
!#_ of] ;'Gbf w]/} g} uf]nfdfn b]lvG5, olb d}n] a'4 wd{ dGbf s;nfO{ dfGbf plrt x'G5 <
pQ/M ;fob xfldn] Pp6f vf]nf ;+u t'ngf ug{ ;S5f}+ olb ltdL vf]nfsf] 5]p 5]paf6 vf]nfsf] d'xfg ;Dd k'Uof} eg] ;+ejt vf]nfsf] d'xfg km/s km/s b]lvG5 , t/ olb ltdLn] vf]nfsf] d'xfgaf6 5]p 5]p x'+b} cfPdf kxf8x? , pkTosfx? ,em/gfx? / c? ;–;fgf vf]nfx? Kflg To;df ldn]/ au]sf] b]v]/ cGTodf vf]nfsf] d'xfgdf cfOk'U5 clg ltldn] a'em\g] 5f} ls lsgltgLx? d'xfgb]vL km/s 5g\ , olb ltdL a'4 wd{ cWoog ug{ rfxG5f} eg] klxn] b]vL z'? u/ h:t} cfo{ ;To , cfo{ ci6fªuLs dfu{ a'4 lhjgL cfbL To;k5L cWoog u/ , s;/L / lsg a'4 wd{ / ljrf/x? ljsfz eP clg To;df Wofg lbP/ hfpm ltldn] w]/} sf/0f b]Vg]5f} . To;kl5 ltdLnfO{ vf]nf, vf]nfsf] d'xfgsf] clwgdf 5 elg eGg' c;+ej x'G5 cyjf vf]nfs]f d'xfgn] ljuf/Llbof] eGbf klg c;+ej x'G5 .
* ;dfKt *
Kf]h g= *
!_ olb 1fg k|fKt u/L;s] kl5 a'4 elgG5 eg] , To; eGbf klxn] pgsf] gfd s] lyof] < pQ/ M a'4sf] kfl/jfl/s gfd uf}td lyof] . h;sf] dtnj pQd ufO{ elgG5 Tof] a]nf nlId egL ;Ddfg u/LGYof] pgnfO{ lbPsf] gfd l;4fy{ h;sf] dtna k'/f cy{ ePsf] hgfpF5 . cyjf Ps k|sf/sf] gfd h;n] cfkm\gf] 5f]/f nfO{ /fHo ;'lDklbg] OR5f ub{5 . k]h g=!@ @_ tkfO lgZro g} a'4 wd{nfO{ pRr 7fGg' x'G5 . s] tkfO{ a'4 wd{ dfq} ;To wd{ / aFfls c? wd{nfO ulNt dfGg' x'G5 < pQ/ M xf]Og, unt, a'4dflu{o h;n] a'4sf] lzIffnfO /fd|/L a'emsf] x'G5 .p;n] c? wd{nfO unt 7fGb}g . hf] s]fxLn] klg hfFr u/]/ x[bo vf]n]/ c? wd{ k|lt o:tf] ;f]Rb}g, c? wd{sf] cWoog ubf{ Pp6} s'/fdf Wofg lbpF ls lt slQsf] ;fdfGo 5 , ;a} wd{x?n] l:jsf/ u5{ ls dfgj hfltsf] cj:yf c;Gtf]if hgs 5 . ;a}nfO{ ljZjf; 5 ls olb dfga hfltsf] cj:yf lasfz ePsf] v08df aflg Jofjxf/ kl/jt{g ug'{ klg clt cfjZos 5 . ;a} wd{n] g}lts lzIff l;sfpF5 , h;df dfof, ddtf, ;xglzntf Tofu / ;dfh k|lt lhDd]jf/L / ;a} wd{n] tYotfnfO{ l:jsf/ ub{5 . ltlgx?n] dfq leGg leGg} efiff , gfd / lrGxsf] lj:t[t JofVof ub{5 . ha cfzlQm dflg;n] ;fgf] lrQn] lt a:t'nfO{ ljz]if ?kdf b]V5 , ta c;xglzntf 3d08L / cfkm' dfq} l7s eGg yfNb5 . sNkgf u/f}+ Ps c+u|hL, Ps km|]Gr , Ps lrgf, Ps O08f]g]lzog ;a}n] srf}/fnfO{ x]5{g\ / c+u|]hn] eG5 of] sk xf] . km|]Grn] eG5 xf]Og of] 6]:;] xf] To; kl5 lrgfn] eG5 tkfOx? b'j} unt of] k] xf] , cGTodf O08f]g]lzog dfG5] xfF;]5 / eg]5 slt d'v{ ltldx? of] t sjfg xf] . To; kl5 c+u|]hn] l8:g/L – zJbsf]if_ n]/fP/ b]vfP5 , d]/f] k|df0f 5 ls Tof] sk xf] . To;f] eP ltd|f] zJbsf]if unt 5 km|]Grn] eg]5 , lsgeg] d]/f] zJbsf]ifdf ;kmf ;Fu n]lvPsf] 5 of] 6]:;] xf] . lrgfn] lv:;L p9fFP/ eG5 d]/f] zJbsf]ifdf k] elg n]lvPsf] 5 / d]/f] zJbsf]if ltldx?sf] eGbf xhf/f}+ jif{ k'/fgf] xf] .To;}n] of] d]/f] g} l7s xf] w]/} dlg;x? c? efiff eGbf lrgLof efiff af]Nb5g\ To;}n] of] k] g} x'g' kb{5 . ha ltlgx? Efmu8f / ljjfb ug{ yfn] csf]{ Ps hgf dfG5] cfP/ srf}/f df kflg /fv]/ lkP5 / eg]5, ltldx? o;nfO{ sk, k], 6]:;] cyjf sjfg eG5f}+ t/ o;s]f p2]Zo kfgL /fv]/ lkpg' xf] . emu8f aGb u/ / kfgL lkp , ljjfb aGb u/ / Kof;nfO{ d]6fpm, xf] c? wd{x? k|lt log} x'g a'4dfuL{ox?sf] c;n Jofjxf/ . k]h g+= !# #_ sf]xL dflg;x? eG5g\ ;a} wd{x? ;dfg 5g\ . s] tkfO o;df ;xdtL x'g' x'G5 < pQ/ M ;a} wd{x? w]/} hl6n 5g\ , Pp6} zJbdf To;f] eGbf c;dfg b]lvG5g\ , a'4 dflu{x?sf] cg';f/ b'a} unt / ;To 5g\ . a'4 wd{df OZj/ 5}g eg] O;fO{ wd{df 5g\ . h;sf] dg z'4 x'G5 a'4 wd{df hf] sf]lxn] klg 1fg nfe ug{ ;S5g\, ha O;fO{ wd{df d'lQm ;+ej 5 h;n] OZj/ k|lt ljZjf; /fV5 , d]/f] ljrf/df lo cy{ k'0f{?kdf leGgf leGg} 5g\ . h]xf];\ O;fO{ wd{df clt /fd|f] k|;+u o; k|sf/sf 5g\ , olb d}n] dfG5] / b]jtfsf] efiff af]N5' t/ k|]d 5}g eg] d]/f] af]nL 306L ah]sf] jf 306Lsf] t/u+ h:t} x'G5 . olb d}n] eljZonfO hfg] / a'+em] / yfxf kfFP eg] olb d]/f] ljZjf;n] kxf8 g} xNnfpF5 eg] t/ d df k|]d 5}g eg] d sf]xL klg xf]Og . olb d}n] d]/f] clwsf/ ul/anfO{ lbPF eg] / d]/f] zl// cfTdf ;d{k0f u/L cfuf]df xf]dLP klg t/ d df k|]d 5}g eg] d}n] s]xL kfOg , k|]d ;xglzntf xf] , k|]d bofn'kg xf] o;df s'g} z+sf 5}g , o;df s'g} 3dl08kg 5}g / o;df s'g} cxdtf 5}g . k|]d k|]d c;dfg 5}g of] cfkm'df vf]hL ug]{ lrh xf] Tof] JoflQm l/;fxf 5}g o;df s'g} uNtL e/LPsf] 5}g, k|]d kfkdf /dfpFb}g t/ v'lzdf /dfpg] ub{5 . o;n] ;w}+ /Iff ljZjf; u5{ / ;w} b[9tf k'j{s nfuL /xG5 . of] ljNs'n l7s 5 h'g s'/f a'4 wd{n] klg l;sfpFb5 . k|ltxfo{ zlQm eljZojfl0fdf lgk'0{ftf, ljZjf; jf :j]R5frf/L x'g' eGbf xfd|f] x[bosf] clt pQd ;b u'0f g}} dxTj x'G5 . To;}n] hj O{Zj/ aflb wf/0ff / sfNkgLs a'4 wd{ / O;fO{ wd{ lgZro g} km/s /x]sf]5 . t/ ha ;b\u'0f g}lts / Jofjxf/sf] s'/f cfpF5 ,lt ;a} p:tf p:t} b]lvG5g\ . To;a]nf eg] c? wd{x?nfO / af}4 wd{nfO{ eg] ;dfg eGg ;lsG5 . k]h g+= !% $_ d}n] slxn] sfFlx ;'G5' ls a'4sf] lzIffnfO{ dlHemd dfu{ klg elgG5, To;sf] dtna s] x'g ;S5 < pQ/ M a'4n] lbg'ePsf] cfo{ ci6flu+s dfu{ To;sf] csf]{ gfd xf], dlHemd k|ltkbf To;sf] cy{ xf] dlHemd dfu{ of] w]/} dxTjk'0f{ 5 lsgeg] To;n] xfldnfO{ l;sfpF5 ls To;af6f]df dfq nfu]/ k'Ub}g, t/ xfldn] ljz]if Wofg/fvL k|of; ug'{k5{ . dflg;x? wd{ k|lt clt sl7gtfn] k|of; u5{ / cGTodf logLx? s§/ eP/ cfpF5g\ . a'4 wd{df k|of; ubf{ rflxg] htL ug'{ k5{ . h;n] ubf{ pu| aflb / c;+odL x'g'af6 aFrfp5 . k|flrg /f]dgx?n] klg eGg] ub{y] ;a} a:t'df ;Gt'i6 x'g' ,o;df a'4dflu{x? ;xdtL 5g\ . k]h !% %_ d}n] k9]+ ls a'4 wd{dfq Ps k|sf/sf] lxGb' wd{ xf] s] of] ;fFrf] xf] < pQ/ M xf]Og of] unt xf], a'4 wd{ / lxGb' wd{df w]/} g}lts larf/ wf/0fx? AfFl8Psf 5g\ b'a}df p:t} zJbx? Kf|of]u ePsf 5g\ h:t} sd{, ;dflw, / lg{jf0f lt zJbx? Eff/tdf pTklt ePsf x'g\ , o;n] ubf{ s]xL dflg;df ljrf/ cfpg ;S5g\ ls Tof] Pp6} xf] of w]/} ;dfg 5 . t/ ha xfldn] ;dfgtfnfO{ bfFh]/ x]¥of}+ eg] xfldn] lt wd{x?sf] lardf lgs} leGgtf b]Vb5f}+ . pbfx/0fsf] nfuL lxGb' wd{df O{Zj/df ljZjf; /fV5 eg], a'4 wd{n] O{Zj/df ljZjf; /fVb}g . lxGb' wd{sf] s]Gb|Lo ;dfhLs bz{g lzIff eg]sf] g} hftLo e]befj xf], h'g a'4 wd{n] clZjsf/ ug]{ ub{5 . lxGb' wd{df z'l4s/0fsf] clt cfjZos 5 t/ a'4 wd{df To;sf] nfuL s'g} 7fFp 5}g . a'4 wd{ u|Gyx?df a'4n] a|fX0f jf lxGb' k'hf/L] / unt larf/ k|lt ljkIfdf ;dfnf]rgf u/]sf] kfO{G5 , olb lxGb' wd{ / a'4 wd{ ;dfg ePsf of] af:tjdf x'g' gx'g' kg]{ xf] . k]h !^ ^_ s] a'4n] sd{sf] laifodf lxGb'sf] larf/nfO{ gSsn xf]Og / < pQ/ M lxGb' wd{n] sd{sf] / cjtf/sf] laifodf l;sfpF5 . To;f] eP klg lt b'O{ ljifo ;DaGwL a'4 wd{ ;Fu d]n vfFb}g , pbfx/0fsf] nfuL lxGb' wd{n] eG5 , xfldx? sd{df dfq} l;ldt 5f}+ t/ a'4 wd{n] eG5 sd{ kl/jt{glzn 5 . lxGb'wd{ cg';f/ dfG5] d/] kl5 cfTdf csf]{ hGddf ;5{ , t/ a'4 wd{df cgfTdfnfO{ ljZjf; ul/G5 . a'4 wd{df ha lg/Gt/ efjn] dfgl;stf kl/jt{g eO{ /xG5 Tof] g} gofF hGd xf] lo x'g a'4 / lxGb'wd{sf s]lx leGgtfx?, To;f]eP klg olb lxGb' / a'4 wd{ ;dfg ePsf] eP a'4n] larf/ g} gu/Lsg To;sf] gSsn ug'{ s'g} cfjZos kb}{g lyof] xf]nf . Ps k6s s'g} b'O JoflQmn] :jtGq ?kn] vf]hL ubf{ b'a}n] Ps} lsl;dsf] kQf] nufP, To;sf] l7s plrt pbfx/0fsf] nfuL , Pp6f qmflGtsf/L vf]hLnfO{ lnpF, ;g\ !*%* df The Origin of species lstfa 5fKg' eGbf klxn] rfN; 8flj{gn] csf]{ JoflQmsf] cNkm]8 ?;]Nkm8 jfn]; kQf nufP h'g ljsf; qmdsf] Pp6f qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g h:t} lyof] . 8fla{g / jfn]; b'a}n] s;}sf] gSsn u/]sf lyPgg\ t/ b'a}s]f cWoogsf] lgZsif{ Pp6} lyof] . To;}n] olb lxGb' / a'4 wd{df sd{ / gofF hGdsf] wf/0ff ;dfg eP Ps cfk;df gSsn ug'{ kb}{g lyof], ljkK;gf Wofg åf/f ;TotfnfO{ b]Vb5 . lxGb' Clifx?sf] sd{ / gofF hGdsf] ljifodf c:ki6 wf/0ff lyof] h'g s'/f kl5 a'4n] :ki6 / cem al9 l7s t/Lsfn] a'emfpg' ePsf] lyof] . k]h g+= #! &_ s] r'/f]6 vfgfn] k~rlznsf] kfFrf} lzn lau|G5 < pQ/ M r'/f]6 vfgfn] cjZo klg :j:ysf] nfuL xfgLsf/s 5 t/ To;sf] dfgl;s c;/ eg] w]/} sd 5 r'/f]6 vfg ;lsG5 t/ xf]l;of/ eP/ cfkm'n] cfkm'nfO{ j;df /fVg ;Sg'k5{ . To;}n] r'/f]6 vfg' cg'lrt ePklg k~rlznsf] kfFrf}lznnfO{ lju|fb}g . k]h g+= #$ *_ gofF hGd kl5 klxn]sf] cfTd jf d csf]{ gofF z/L/df ;5{ s] of] ;To xf] < pQ/ M a'4 wd{ cg';f/ of] c;To xf], af:tjdf a'4sf] lzIff cg';f/ cfTdfdf ljZjf; /fVg' g} e|ddf kg'{ xf] . h'g 3dl08sf] sf/0fn] cfTd jf d eGg] x'G5 / emg a9\b} hfG5, ha xfldn] cfTdf 5}g eg]/ b]V5f}+ , ta :jfyL{efj , cxdefj / d, d]/f] eGg] s'/f lanfP/ hfG5 . Ps JoflQm 7f]; kbfy{ xf]Og t/ auL/x]sf] vf]nf ;dfg xf] . k]h #% (_ Tof] ;'Gbf c;dfg nfU5, olb d 5}g eg] ToFxf s'g} JolQmTj /xb}g / olb JolQm g} 5}g eg] s;/L gofF hGd x'g ;S5 < pQ/ M Tof] (% aif{ k'/fg] km'6an l6d h:t} xf] To; calwdf ;of}+ hgf v]nf8Lx? s]flx % aif{ / !) aif{ ;Dd v]n] slt lg:s] / gofF v]nfl8x? cfP To;f] ePklg s'g} gofF v]nf8L afFsL /x]g jf lh+pbf] /x]gg\ t/ klg Tof] km'6an l6d eg] cem klg afFls g} 5 . kl/jt{gsf] afjh't klg To;sf] JoflQmj cem} afFls /x]sf] 5 . v]nfl8x?n] s8f d]xgt u/]sf lyP t/ s;n] ubf{ ltgsf] JoflQmj afFls /x\of] . ltgsf] gfd klxn] k|utLsf] :d/0f , v]nfl8x?sf] cg'ej / bz{sx?sf] ;d{yg cflb afFls /Xof] / JoflQx? Klg p:t} ;dfg 5g\ . xfd| zl// / dg ;w}+ kl/jt{g eO /xG5 of] tYo ePtf klg eGg ;lsG5 ls , dfG5]sf] goFf hGd hf] d/] kl5 x'g] ub{5 . d eg] kl/at{g eP/ Ps JoflQmaf6 csf]{df ;g]{ xf]Og ls JoflQmsf] lg/Gt/ abnL/xg] :d/0f,:jefj, dfgl;stf / dg]flj1fg, O{R5fsf] sf/0fn] kl/at{g x'G5 . !)_ olb xfdL klxn] klg hGd]sf lyof}+ eg] lsg xfldnfO{ k'j{ hGdsf] ofb ePg t < pQ/ M sf]xL dflg;x? k'j{ hGdsf] ofb ug{ ;S5g\ . w]/} h;f] aRrf a]nfdf t/ w]/} h;f] dflg;n] ofb ug{ ;Sb}g, lsgsL To;df w]/} sf/0fx? x'g ;S5g\, ;fob ( dlxgf ;Dd ue{df a;]/ hGd x'Fbf ;a} :d/0f zlQm d]l6;s]sf] x'G5 cyjf k|foM h;f] :d/0f zlQm d]l6;Sg]5 . ;fob gofF gofF r]tgfn] wSsf lbP/ hGd x'g' ( dlxgf ue{df a:bf w]/} h;f] r]tgf d]6L;s]sf] x'G5 . klxn]sf :d/0f zlQmx? x/fO{;s]sf] x'G5 . k]h g+= #% / #^ !!_ s] xfd|f] ;w} dfG5] g} eP/ hGd x'G5 < pQ/ M xf]Og , xfld hGd x'g] 7fFp w]/} 5 , sf]xL dflg;x? :ju{ eg] sf]xL gs{, / sf]xL k|]t cflb eP/ hGd x'G5 . :ju{ eGgfn] s'g} 7fFp xf]Og hxfF dfgl;s / ef}lts ?kdf ;'vsf] cg'ej x'G5 , tL ;a} kl/jt{glznx? Gf} clgTo :ju{ xf] . hxfF lhjg / d[To' x'G5, / gofF hGd dfG5] eP/ hGd x'G5 gs{ klg p:t} xf] h'g 7Ffp g} xf]Og t/ hxfF dfgl;s / ef}lts ?kdf b'Mv / lk8f ef]Ug' kg]{ x'G5 . k|]t eP/ hGd lng' kg]{ 7fFp hxfF ef}lts z/L/ x'G5 / dfgl;s ?kdf b'Mv / c;Gt'i6L ef]uL /xg' kg]{ x'G5 To;}n] :ju{jf;LnfO{ dfq ;'vsf] cg'ej x'G5 eg] gs{ afl;nfO{ b'Mv lk8f em]Ng' kg]{ x'G5 / dg'io lhjgdf b'a} ld;LP/ cfPsf] x'G5 . To;}n] dg'io nf]s / c? nf]ssf] leGgtf eg]sf] ef}lts / ;b\u'0fsf] cg'ej ug'{ xf] . k]h g+= #^ !@_ tkfO{n]] gs{ af;Lsf] s'/f eGg' eof], To;f]eP s] a'4dflu{ox?n] gs{sf] ljZjf; u5{g t < pQ/ M olb tkfOsf] dtnj gs{ s'g} 7fFp eP hxfF /L;fn' OZj/n] ;a} eQm hgx?nfO ˆoflslbG5g\ h;n] p;nfO{ dfGb}g / ;bfsf] nfuL ;hfo lbG5g\ eg] Tof] gs{ xf]Og . a'4 wd{ cg';f/ o:tf ljrf/wf/f nfO cfqm]lzt / abnfsf] kl/0ffd dfGg ;lsG5 . a'4 wd{ cg';f/ lg/o, ckfo, gs{ xf] . To;sf] cy{ gf; / gf]S;fg xf] . l/; jf :jy{ dfG5]sf] dfgl;stfdf pTkGg x'g] ub{5 To;}n] o:tf] cg'ej ;lhn} l;t gs/fTds eP/ cfpF5 . a'4 eGg'x'G5 M d'v{x? eG5g gs{ ;d'b| d'gL 5 , t/ d eG5' gs{ b'Mvsf] csf]{ Pp6f gfd xf] . Pp6f pbfx/0f 8/fPsf] dfG5]n] eo if8oGq, ljZjf;3ft rf/}lt/ b]Vg] ub{5 t/ Tof] slx+ klg 5}g z+sf ug'{, 8/fpg', / b'Mlvt x'g' Tof] p;sf] dgsf] dgzfo dfq xf] . s;}n] p;nfO{ t'ngf jf gs/fTds bf]iff/f]k0f u/]sf] 5}g Tof] t o;n] cfkm}n] pJhfPsf] Pp6f e|d dfq xf] . Tof] eGbf klg To:tf dlg;x? ;w}e/L gs/fTds dfgl;stf cfkm}n] g} pTklt u/fpFb5g\ . To;}n] a'4 wd{ cg';f/ gs{ ;bf /xg] 7fFp cdtf-cd/_ xf]Og xfld To;nfO{ ;w} kl/jt{g ug{ ;S5f}+ . k]h #* !@_ s] Tof] ;+ej 5, o; hGddf lrlgPsf] JolQmnfO{ csf]{ hGddf klg e]6\g ;lsG5 < pQ/ M ;+ej 5 , Ps ;dodf a'9f a'9L , >Ldfg >LdtL hf] ljjfx u/L a;]sf] w]/} eO;Sof], ltgLx? Ps cfk;df w]/} dfof ub{y], s;}n] Ps lbg a'9fnfO{ ;f]w]5, s] ltldx? o; hGddf h:tf] eO a;]sf 5f} s] ltldx? csf]{ hGddf klg o:t} eO{ a:g rfxG5f} . a'4n] eGg'eof] olb ltgLx?sf] a}jflxs alnof] / p:t} ljZjf; ;b\u'0f Tofu efjgf / cfk;df /fd|f] ;dembf/L 5 eg] To]f x'g ;Sb5 . s'g} b'O{ e]6 x'G5g\ / t'?Gt} a}jflxs ;DjGw ufF;]/ ulx/f] ;DaGw agfp5g\ To:tf nfO a'4 wd{ cg';f/ pgLx?sf] k'j{ hGd ;Fu ;DaGwLt ePsf] cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 of] klg Ps gofF hGdsf] Ps ;s/fTds kIf xf] . To;}n] b'O{ JoflQmsf] jGwg d[To' kl5 klg /xG5 .
k]h %!
!#_ clu tkfO{n] eGg' ePsf] s?0ff / k|]d sf] cy{ ldNbfh'Nbf x'g ls cyjf km/s 5g\ < pQ/ M ;fob lt b'O Ps csf{sf ;Fu ;DaGwLt 5g\ eGbf /fd|f] x'G5 . c+u|hLdf k|]d (Love) eGg] zAb nfO ljleGg tl/sfn] JofVof ug]{ ul/G5 , h:t} nf]Ug] / :jf:gLsf] k|]d, cfdf a'jf / 5f]/f 5f]/L larsf] k|]d, ;flyx? Kf|ltsf] k|]d , l5d]sLx? Kf|ltsf] k|]d cflb, lt cg'ejn] k|i6 s] b]vfpF5 eg] ltlgx? Ps cfk;df km/s 5g\ t/ ;a}s'/f Ps} zJbdf k|]dsf] gfd lbg ;lsG5 . lt s'/f s] s] x'g eg] ha xfld s;}nfO{ k|]d u5f}{ eg] p k|lt ghLs x'g] O{R5f hfu]/ cfpg] ub{5 . s'g} a]nf s;}n] xldnfO{ x}/fg u/] klg b'Mv lbP klg / p;n] g/fd|f] efjgf /fv] klg xfld p k|lt ;sf/fTds x'g' klg xfldn] p k|lt u/]sf] Pp6f k|]]d g} xf] lsgsL xfldn] pgsf] ;dfhLs ;]jfnfO{ Wofg lbPsf x'G5f}+ . k|]d eg]sf] Ps csf{ lars]f ulx/f] ;DaGw, bofn' / c? k|lt lrGtg ug'{ klg xf] . slxn] sfFxL xfldnfO{ klg o:t} k|sf/sf] cg'ej c? k|lt hfu]/ cfpg] ub{5 . a'4sf] cg';f/ xfldn] klg o;/L g} ;a} k|f0fLx? K|flt k|]d / ;b\efj /fVg' kb{5 . a'4 eGg'x'G5, “ h;/L cfdfn] cfˆgf] k|f0fsf] jf:tf gu/L PSnf] 5f]/fsf] /Iff ul5{g To;/L g} Psn] csf{nfO{ ;d:t k|fl0f x? k|lt cl;d k|]d /fVg'k5{” a'4 wd{df cl;d k|]dnfO{ d]Qf elgG5 ha xfld s;}sf] b'Mv lk8fsf] ;fdgf u5f}{ ta k|]dsf] ;DaGw :ki6 eP/ hfu]/ s?0f agL cfpg] ub{5 . To;}n] s?0ff eg]sf] c?sf] b'MvnfO{ b]v]/ dgdf k|]d hfUg' xf] . k]h %@ !$_ d]/f] ljrf/df tkfO bofn' / enfb\dL eP ;a} dlg;x? tkfOsf] kl5 nU5g\ xf]Og / < pQ/M l7s xf] / of] ;+ej klg 5 t/ ltld :jyL{ / 3[l0ft eP klg of] x'G5 lsgeg] ToxfF ;w} e/L ltdL eGbf 3[l0ft JoflQmx? x'g ;S5g\ To;sf] s'g} Uof/]G6L eg] 5}g . h] eP klg hasf]xL dflg;af6 ltd|f] /fd|f] kmn kfof] eg] ltldnfO{ ;DemG5g\ / ;Tsf/ ug]{ ub{5 . ltd|f] ;w}+ e/L w]/} ;flyx? Kflg x'G5g\ / c;xof]uL eGbf ;xof]uL ldqx? a9L x'G5g\ . clg ltdL lsg cfkm'n] cfkm'nfO dg k/fp5f}+ hals w]/} dfG5]x?nfO{ ltdL dg k/fpFb}gf} . Wofg !_ Wofg s] xf] < pQ/ M–Wofg eg]]sf] r]tgf k'0f{ k|of;n] lrQsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ b]Vg' xf] . kfnL efifdf WofgnfO{ efjgf elgG5 . h;sf] cy{ a[l4 ug'{ cyf{t lasf; ug'{ xf] . @_ Wofg dxTjk'0f{ 5 ls 5}g < pQ/ M–dxTjk'0f{ 5, lsgeg] xfldn] htL k|of; u/L c;n JolQm x'g rfx] klg t[i0ffnfO{ lg{d'n ug{ ;lsPg eg] xfld kl/j{tg x'g sl7g 5 . pbfx/0fsf] nfuL Ps hgf >Ldfgn] cfˆgf] >LdtLnfO{ cab]vL slxNo} klg cfqmf]lzt x'Gg elg afrf u/] t/ ! 306f kl5 >Ldfg cfˆgf] >LdtL k|lt 7'nf] :j/n] lrRofo]f lsgeg] xf]; geP/ c1fgtf a; l/; p7\of] To;}n] Wofgsf] ;fxfotfn] :d[lt zlSt a9fp5 / dfgl;s :jefjnfO kl/jt{gdf Nofpg Wofg cEof; cfjZostf kb{5 .
#_ d}n] ;'g]sf] 5' ls Wofg vt/f klg x'g ;S5, s] of] ;fFrf] xf] < pQ/ M afFRg xfldnfO{ g'g rflxG5 , t/ olb ltldn] ! lsnf] g'g Ps}rf]6L vfof} eg] ;+ejt dg{ klg ;S5f} , clxn]sf] gofF hdfgfdf df]6/ ufl8s]f cjZostf 5 t/ olb ltldn] 6«lkms lgod kfngf u/]gf} eg] jf olb /lS; lkP/ ufl8 rnfPdf Tof] df]6/ Pp6f vt/gfs lrh aGg k'U5 . Wofg klg o:t} xf] ;'v / dfgl;s :jf:y /xg of] cfjZos 5 . t/ olb uNtL af6f] ckgfO Wofg ug]{ cEof; u/]df of] vt/f klg x'g ;S5 / To;n] w]/} ;d:of k}bf klg u/fpg ;S5 . sfxL dfG5] x? pbflzg / dfgl;s tgfjn] u|:t x'G5g\ . ltlgx? ;f]R5g sL Tof] Wofg åf/f lgsf] x'G5 elg Wofg ug{ yfN5 t/ cj:yf emg lju|LP/ hfG5 , olb o:tf] ;d:of cfPdf t'?Gt of]Uo / hfg]sf] JoflQmsf] ;fxfotf lng' kb{5 / To;kl5 Wofg ug'{ plrt x'G5 . sf]lx dflg;x? qmdzM Ps b'O k6s u/L Wofg ug'{ kg]{df clt ulxl/P/ k|of; ub{5g , nfdf] ;do ;Dd ub{5g\ / cGltddf ylst x'G5g\ . w]/} h;f] Wofgsf] ;d:of eg]sf] s+u? Wofg (Kangaroo Mediation) xf] . sf]xL dflg;x? Ps u'? sxfF hfG5g\ s]xL ;do pxfFsf] t/Lsf cg';f/ Wofg u5{g Ps xKtf kl5 Ps hgf gfdL Wofg u'? To; ;x/df cfO k'U5g\ / pxfFsf] ljrf/ cg';f/ Wofg ug{ z'? ub{5g\ . o;/L z'? b]vL nfdf] ;do ;Dd lg/f; eP/ cndNndf kb{5g\ / s+uf? Hf:t} pkm|L/x]sf] x'G5 . Ps hgf Wofg u'?af6 csf]]]{ jf Ps t/Lsfaf6 csf]{ ug'{ g} unt xf] t/ olb ltdLdf s'g} dfglzs ;d:of 5}g eg] / Wofgdf nfuL /fd|/L k|of; u/]df of] g} ;aeGbf plrt / ltdL cfkm}sf] nfuL pkof]uL x'g]5 . $_ Wofg slt k|sf/sf 5g\ < pQ/ M a'4n] w]/} lsl;dsf] Wofg atfpg' ePsf] 5 x/]sfdf leGgf leGg} b'Mv lgjf/0f jf lrQ lasf;sf] nfuL atfpg' ePsf] xf] . t/ To; dWo]df @ lsl;dsf Wofg eg] clt k|rlnt 5g\ . tL cfgfkfgf ;lt / d]Qf efjgf x'g\ . %_ olb d}n] cfgfkfgf ;lt Wofg ug{ rfx] eg] s;/L ug]{ < pQ/ M ltldn] klxnf $ k|sf/sf ;fw/0f lalw ckgfpg ;S5f} . lt x'g s_ 7fFp v_ a:g] t/Lsf u_ Wofg 3_ ;d:ofx? . s_ ;a} eGbf klxnf plrt 7fFp cfjZos 5 , s'g} sf]7f jf cfjfh gcfpg] 7fFp , hxFf ltldnfO{ s'g} cj/f]w x'b}g . v_ /fd|f] / ;lhnf] kgn] a:g] cf;gdf rs6L /fv]/ a:g] , 9fF8 l;wf u/L a:g], bfFof xft afFof xftdfly /fvL sfvdf ;lhnf] ;Fu /fVg] / cfFvf aGb ug]{ / To;kl5 Wofg z'? ug]{ . zfGt ;Fu cfFvf aGb u/L ;s] kl5 :jf; leq / aflx/ uPsf]nfO Wofg lbg] / :jf; leq / aflx/ uPsf]nfO k]6 km'n]sf] / ;'s]s]f x]/]/ uGg ;lsG5 . To;/L u/L ;s] kl5 ljleGg ;d:ofx? pTklt eP/ cfFp5 . z/L/ e/L lrnfpg yfNb5, 3'F8f b'Vg yfNb5 To;f] eP klg zl// gxNnfOsg :jf; leq / aflx/ uPs]fnfO Wofg lbg] . ;+ejt ltlddf cg]s larf/x? lbdfudf 3':g ;Sb5 / Wofg cGt} lt/ nfg ;Sb5, To;f] ePdf ltldn] la:tf/ cfˆgf] :j; k|:jf; lt/ Nofpg' kb{5 , obL o;/L ub]{ uof] eg] ltd|f lrGtg larf/x? lj:tf/} sdhf]/ eP/ hfG5, / ltd|f] ;dfwL alnof] eP/ cfpF5 / cGTodf ltd|f] leq} b]lvsf] dfgl;stf / z/L/ clt zfGt / ;'v bfos x'G5 . ^_ d}n] slt nfdf] ;do ;Dd Wofg ug'{ kb{5 . pQ/ M x/]s lbg !% ldg]6 Wofg a:g] ubf{ /fd|f] x'G5 . o;/L % ldg]6 b]vL $% ldg]6 ;Dd Wofg ug{ klg ;lsG5 . o;/L nuftf/ x/]s lbg Wofg ub}{ hfFbf cfˆgf] ;dfwL /fd|f] ePsf] cfkm}n] cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5 . &_ d]Qf efjgf Wofg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < pQ/ M cfgfkfgf ;lt Wofgsf] ;'kl/rLt eO ;s] kl5 / nfuftf/ k|of; u/L ;s] k5L d]Qf efjgf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;a eGbf klxnf cfkm'n] cfkm'nfO a;df /fVg] jf Wofg lbP/ dg dg} cfkm}n] cfkm'nfO o;/L eGg ;lsG5 – dnfO{ ;'vL xf];\ dnfO{ zfGt xf];\ dnfO{ b'Mv af6 d'St xf];\ d]/f] dg bf]if af6 d'St xf];\ d]/f] dg d]Qfn] –k|]dn]_ e/Lof];\ , dnfO{ ;'v xf]; eGb} Ps Ps hgf u/]/ ckm'nfO{ dg kg]{ JoflQmnfO{ ;Demg] / To;kl5 ;dfg JolQmnfO clg g t dg k/]sf] g t dg gk/]sf] JolQmnfO ;Demg] / cGTodf dg gk/]sf] JolQmnfO{ ;Dem]/ ;a}s]f ;'lv / lg/f]uL lhjg ljtf]; eg]/ sfdgf ug]{ . *_ o:tf] lsl;dsf] Wofg ugf{n] s] kmfObf x'G5 < pQ/ M olb ltldn] d]Qf efjgf c6'6 ?kdf ub}{ nUof} jf 7Ls t/Lsfn] u¥of} eg] ltld cfkm}df ;s/fTds kl/jt{g cfpg] ub{5, l:jfsfg{ ;Sg] Ifdtf / cfkm'n] cfkm}nfO dflkm ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf x'G5 / cfˆgf] k|]dLx? nfO klg dfof a9\b} hfG5 . laleGg lsl;dsf dfG5]x? ;Fu klg t'?Gt} ;fly agfpg ;lsG5 / ltd|f] zq' jf s;};Fu qmf]w cflb ePdf Tof] lgd'{n eP/ hfG5, slxn] sfFlx olb lrg] hfg]sf] JoflQm hf] w]/} lj/fld b'MvL b/Lb| 5g\ eg] d]Qf efjgf eP/ ltlgx?sf] cj:yfnfO xn ePsf] klg b]Vg ;lsG5 . (_ o:tf] s;/L ;+ej 5 < pQ/ M lrQ . ha z'4 lrQn] k|of; ub}{ uof] eg] dfgl;s zlSt a9\5, olb xfldn] xfd|f] dfgl;s zlStnfO ckgfof}+ eg] To;n] c?k|lt c;/ ug{ ;S5, o:tf] cg'ej cfkm}df x'G5 ,;+ejtM ltld Pp6} sf]7fdf w]/} dflg;x? lar al;/x]sf] 5 / Ps hgf dfG5]n] ltldnfO x]/L/x]sf] 5 , ltdL otf ptf kms]{/ x]bf{ b]Vb5f} ls ltdLnfO{ sf]lx dflg;n] x]/L /x]sf]5 . To] s;/L ePsf] xf] eg], ltldn] Tof] dfG5]sf] dfgl;s zlStnfO tfGg ;s]s]f sf/0fn] xf] , o;}nfO nfO g} d]Qf efjgf eGg ;lsG5 . xfldn] ;s/fTds dfglzs zlSt pJhgL u/]/ Ps cfk;df af9\g ;lsG5 . !)_ s] c? lsl;dsf Wofgx? klg 5g\ < pQ/ M w]/} g} 5g\ , cGTodf ;+ejt w]/} dxTjk'0f{ Wofg ljk:;gf xf], o;sf] cy{ xf] ,leqsf] nfuL b]Vg' cyjf ulx/LP/ b]Vg' / o;nfO ljk:;gf Wofg elgG5 . !!_ To;f]eP ljk:;gf Wofg s] x]f < pQ/ M ljk:;gf ubf{, h] ;'s}eP klg, ljrf/ / ljrf/ pTklt k|lt s]lx k|lts[of glbO xf];df /xg' g} ljk:;gf xf] . !@_ o;s]f p2]Zo s] xf] < pQ/ M xfldn] k|foM h;f] dg k/]sf] / dg gk/]sf] cg'e'lt åf/f cg'ej ub{5f}+ cyjf cgfjZos larf/ , lbFp;} ;kgf b]Vg] jf sNkgf ug]{ , lolgx?sf] k|ltqm[of åf/f xfldn] b]Vg] cg'ejnfO{ c:ki6 / cgy{ u/LlbG5 . o;/L xf]; /fvL lagf k|lts[of åf/f xfldn] b]V5f}+ ls lsg xfld ljrf/ u5f}{, lsg xfld af]Nb5f}+ lsg xfld To;f] ub{5f}+, lgiro g} cfkm'n] a'em]sf] 1fgn] hLjgdf ;s/fTd/ kl/jt{g NofpF5 . csf]{ kmfObf eg]sf] cfˆgf] cg'ej / cfkm'lardf cGt/ k}bf ub{5 , ta xfd|f] k|ltlqmof xf]; of a]xf]; k|nf]eg jf ckdfg eP klg xfldn] clnslt eP klg To; af6 kl5 x6\g ;S5f}+ o;/L plrt jf cg'lrtnfO{ b]v]/ l7s af6f] ckgfO cuL a9\g ;S5f}+ o;/L xfd|f] hLjgdf w]/} ;xglzntfn] 7fFp lnG5 ,å]if efjn] xf]Og ls , t/ ;fw/0ftof xfdLn] cem al9 ;kmf ;Fu b]V5f}+ . !#_ To;f] eP s] ljk:;gf Wofgn] al9 /fd|f] / ;'lv hLjg ljtfpg ;xof]u lbG5 t < pQ/ M Tof] dfq w/} dxTjk'0f{ z'?jft xf], t/ ljk:;gf Wofgsf] p2]Zo Tof] eGbf pRr 5 . ha xfd|f] Wofg kSsf / ulx/f] x'b}+ hfG5 , ta xfldn] cg'ej ug{ ;S5f} ls of] ;'v xf] t/ JolQmut xf]Og, of] d lagf g} x'G5 , / d 5}g egL cg'ej ug{ ;lsG5, z'?df Wofg ubf{ Tof] ;'?jftsf] b[io xf] t/ Tof] kl5 uP/ cem al9 :ki6 eP/ cfpF5 . !$_ of] ;'Gbf t w]/} 8/ nfUbf] kf] 5 gL < pQ/M xf] 8/ nfUbf] 5 xf]Og t , / ;fRr}F eGg] xf] eg] , sf]xL dflg;x?n] o:tf] cg'ej u5{, ltlgx? clnslt 8/fpF5g\ t/ a'em\b} cfpF5g\ To]f ;a} x/fpb} hfG5g\ . lsgls ltgLx? ;w}+ el/P/ cfpg] a:t'x? elg b]lvG5 . o;/L g} 3dl08kg lj:tf/} x/fpFb} hfG5 clg d / d]/f] eGg] ;a} ljnfP/ hfG5, ;fFRr} of] g} a'4dflu{ox?sf] tfTko{ xf] . ;fFRr} g} ltlgx?sf] b[i6Lsf]0f kl/jt{g x'g yfNb5g\ , o;f] ljrf/ ubf{ x/]sf JoflQm ;dfh / ljijdf x'g] emu8fsf] h/f] g} 3dl08, hflto e]befj, jf b]z eQm x'g' uNtL xf] . wDsL / /f]bg :j/n] lrRrfP/ of] d]/f] xf], of] xfd|f] xf] eGg' uNtL xf] . a'4 wd{ cg';f/ ;fFRr}s]f ;'v / zflGt eg]sf] ha xfldn] cfˆgf] c;nL JoflQmTj kQf nufp5g\ Tof] xf], cx{Gt -1fg k|fKt x'g'_ . !%_ Tof] w]/} /fd|f] ljrf/ xf] t/ ;fy} 8/ klg nfU5 . olb cfk'm eGg]g} 5}g eg] cx{Gt ePsf] dfG5]n] s;/L lagf JoflQm sfd ug{ ;S5 < pQ/ M /fd|f] ljrf/ ,cx{Gt ePsf] dfG5]n] xfldnfO{ ;f]Wg ;S5 ls d eGg] g} 5}g eg] ltld s;/L sfd u5f}{ , s;/L ltd|f] / c?sf] b'Vv, lk8f, Oiof{, 3dl08 ;xg ;S5f} . ltldnfO{ slxn] klg lbSs nfUb}g ls d c? eGbf /fd|f] JoflQm , c? eGbf cuf8L 5' egL ef}tf/L+ /xFbf h'g ls Ps lbg ltldn] ;a} u'dfpg k5{, To;f] eP cx{Gt JolQm zfGt / l7s 7fFpdf l7s hLjg ljtfO/x]sf] 5 of] ;a} ltld xfdL g} xf}+ hf] cx{Gt ePsf 5}gf} dfq ;d:ofx? pJhfp5g\ . !^_ d}n] tkfOn] eGg' ePsf] a'+em] t/ cx{Gt x'gsf] nfuL slt nfdf] ;do ;Dd Wofg a:g'k5{ . pQ/ M of] eGg' c;+ej 5 t/ of] ;+ejt l7s} 5 . clg ltldn] lsg clxn] b]vL g} Wofg a:g z'? gu/]sf] t < clg x]/f}+ Wofgn] ltdLnfO{ sxfF ;Dd k'¥ofp5 . olb d]xgt u/]/ ,a'4Ldfg k'j{s Wofg u¥of} eg], lhjgdf cToflws k|utL cfpF5 / To; ;dodf Wofg / wd{sf] ljifodf /x]/ vf]h u/ kl5 Tof] g} ltd|f] lhjgdf dxTjk'0f{ ljifo eP/ cfpF5 . Wofg z'?ug'{ eGbf klxnf s'g} ljrf/ gu/L jf s'g} pRr :t/df k'Ug] cfzf gu/L Ps rf]6L kfO{nf cuf8L ;f/f}+ . !&_ s] Wofg l;Sg dnfO{ u'?sf] cfjZostf kb{5 < pQ/ M kb}{g , t/ JoflQmut ?kdf Wofgsf] ljifodf hfg]sf] JoflQmaf6 ;xof]u ln+bf clt ;xof]u ldNg]5 . cefUoa; sf]xL leIf' jf pk;s, pkfl;sfx? Wofg u'? eP/ l;sfpFb5 hjls pgLx?nfO yfxf 5}g, pgLx? s] ub}{5g\ eg]/ . Wofg ljifodf /fd|/L hfg]sf] a'em]sf] Wofg u'?af6 l;Sg' kb{5 h;n] ubf{ a'4sf] lzIffnfO{ :ki6 / cem glhs agfOlbG5 . !*_ cfhsfn lrlsT;s / dgf]a}1flgsx?n] Kflg w]/} g} Wofg ug{ yfn]sf 5g\, s] of] ;fFrf] xf] < pQ/ M ;fFrf] xf] , clxn] dfglzs /f]uaf6 lkl8t ePsfnfO{ w]/} g} Wofgsf] cfjZostf ePsf] 5 / ljleGg Jofj;fon] dfgl;s tgfanfO{ x6fpg / ck|dfbL -a]xf];L_ af6 aRg Wofgsf] ;fxfotf lng] u/]sf 5g\ . a'4n] atfpg' ePsf] Wofg cfhsf] dflg;sf] lrQnfO hlt k|efj k/]sf] 5 TotL g} k/fk'j{s sfndf klg lyof] . leIf' / leIf'0fLx? !_ a'4 wd{df wfld{s cWoog ;+:yfsf] dxTj 5 , leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] p2]Zo s] xf] / plgx?nfO s] s] ug'{ kb{5 < pQ/ M a'4n] agfpg' ePsf] leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] p2]Zo plrt / zfGt aftfj/0f ePsf] 7fFp agpg' xf], h;n] ubf{ Wofg efjgf ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 , pkfzs / pkflzsfx?n] leIf' leIf'0fLx?nfO{ rflxg] cfjZos a:t' k'¥ofO{ lbG5 , h:t} cfxf/, nufpg] rLj/, a:g] 7fFp / cf}ifwL ,h;n] ubf{ pgLx?n] Wofg efjgf / cWoog ug{ 6]jf ldNb5 . wd{ljgosf] kfngf / ;/n lhjg ljtfpg Wofg / zflGtsf] lgs} pkof]uL x'G5 . To;sf] abnf leIf' leIf'0fL x?n] cfkm'n] hfg]sf] wd{ pgLx?nfO{ l;sfOlbG5g\ / cfkm' klg c;n a'4 dflu{ ag]/ plrt pbfx/0fsf] ?kdf /xG5g\ . ;fFRr} eGg' kbf{ s]xL :t/df km/s b]lvG5g\ , / of] g} a'4sf] cfsf+Iff klg xf] , clxn] cfP/ leIf' leIf'0fLx? :s'ndf k9fp5g\ . sf]xL ;dfhLs ;]jf nfu]sf 5g\ eg] sf]xL snfsf/, sf]xL lrlsT;s / sf]xL /fhg}lts lt/ klg nfu]sf 5g\ . sf]xL eG5g\ olb a'4 wd{ k|rf/ x'G5 eg] To;f] x'g' klg l7s} 5 t/ sf]xL eG5g\ To;f] x'g'df leIf' / leIf'0fLx? ;lhn} ;Fu ;+;f/Ls ;d:of lt/ 9Nsg klg ;S5g\ . hjsL pgLx? Kflxnf] k6s ljxf/ hfFbf, s] p2]Zo lnP/ uPsf lyP, Tof] ltgLx?n] ljl;{lbG5g\ . @_ s:tf] k|sf/sf] JolQm leIf' jf leIf'0fL aG5g\ < pQ/ M w]/} lsl;dsf dflg;x?nfO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf O{R5fx? x'G5 h:t} kfl/jf/Ls lhjg sfd rfxgf, /fhg}lts , wd{ cflb , lt dWo]df w]/} h;f] kfl/jf/Ls lhjg / sfddf a9L Wofg /fV5g\ c? rfFlx To;df sd} Wofg lbG5g\ h;n] a'4sf] lzIffnfO cWoog / Wofg efjgf u5{ eg] . p;sf] lhjgdf Tof] g} ;a}eGbf dxTjk'0f{ x'G5 . ha ;a} lrh j:t' nfO{ Tofu]/ cnu cnu x'G5 To:tf dfG5]nfO ;fob leIf' jf leIf'0fL aGg] OR5f x'G5 . #_ cx{Gt x'gnfO s] leIf' jf leIf'0fL g} aGg' k5{ < pQ/ M cj:o kb}{g, s]lx a'4sf cu|>fjsx? u[x:yL lyP , sf]xLn] leIf'x?nfO Wofg ;d]t l;sfpg ;Sy] . a'4 wd{nfO a'em\g' clt cfjZos 5 / leIf' a:q nufPklg lhg kfOG6nufP klg To;df s]xL klg km/s 5}g . cyjf s]fxL 3/df jf ljxf/df a;] klg , sf]xL ljxf/df a:5g\ To;s]f kmfObf jf a]kmfObf plrt aftfj/0fdf a;]/ Wofg efjgf ug'{g} xf] . sf]xL 3/d} a:5g\ b'Mv / ;'v ePklg Tof] g} plgx?sf] nfuL plrt 7fFp x'G5, To;}n] ;a} dfG5]df leGgtf 5 .
$_ lsg leIf' / leIf'0fLx? Kf+x]nf] a:q nufpF5g\ < pQ/ M k|flrgsfndf ha ef/tLox? H+fundf a:5g\ / ltlgx?nfO yfxf 5 ls , s'g ?vsf] kft klxnf em5{ eg]/ lsg eg] Tof] kft ls t k+x]nf] jf ;'Gtnf /+usf] jf v}/f] b]lvG5, To;sf] kl/0ffd Tof] a]nfsf] ef/tdf k+x]nf] /+usf] cy{ g} u[x Tofu ug'{sf] cy{ lbG5 . To;}n] leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] rLj/sf] k+x]nf] x'g' g} s'g} lrh a:t' k|lt cfzlQm gx'g' xf] kl/jt{g x'g glbg / Tofu ug'{ o;sf] cy{ xf] . %_ leIf' / leIf'0fLx?n] skfn v}f/g'sf] p2]Zo s] xf] < pQ/ M w]/} h;f] xfdL cfkm\gf] b[i6L z/L/nfO{ Wofg lbG5f} / laif]z u/L skfn nfO{, dlxnfx?sf] nfuL skfn /fd|f] agfpg' w]/} dxTjk'0f{ 5 eg] k'?ifnfO eg] tfn' xf]nf eGg] 8/ , xfldn] xfd|f] skfn nfO /fd|f] agfpg To;nfO ;do lbg' kb{5, skfn vf}/g'df leIf' / leIf'0fLx? cfkm}n] ;dodf v}/G5g\ . skfn v}f/g'sf] cy{ csf]{ cy{ xf] cfWoflTds / zfl//Ls kl/jt{gnfO Wofg lbP/ xf];Lof/ x'g' klg xf] . ^_ leIf' aGg' w]/} /fd|f] xf] obL ;a} leIf' ag] eg] s] ug]{ < pQ/ M s'g} ;dodf s'g} Ps hgfn] o:t}vfnsf] k|Zg u/], bGt lrlsT;s x'g' w]/} /fd|f] xf] t/ olb ;a} dlg; bGt lrlsT;s eP elg s] ug]{ . :s'ndf k9fpg] df:6/ x'b}+g , eft ksfpg] dfG5] x'b}+g, 6\Sof;L rnfpg] 8«fOe/ x'b}g , :s'ndf k9fpg] df:6/ x'g' w]/} /fd|f] xf] t/ ;a} dfG5] dfi6/ eof] eg] s] ug]{, ToxFf s'g} klg bGt lrlsT;s x'b}g cflb, a'4n] slxn] klg eGg'ePsf] 5}g ls ;a} dfG5] leIf' jf leIf'0fL aGg' k5{ eg]/ / of] slxn] klg x'g]5}g . h] h;f] ePklg ;w} e/L dfG5] x? ;/n lhjg ljtfpg rfxG5 / u[x Tofu ub{5g\ w]/} h;f] a'4sf] lzIff af6 k|efljt eP/ ;a} Tofu ub{5g / To;}u/L bGt lrlsT;s / :s'n dfi6/ ;Fu klg cfˆgf] ljifodf lgk'0f{tf / 1fgL 5g\ h;n] ;dfhdf afFRg Ps cfk;df ;xof]u ub{5g\ . ^_ Tof] t l7s 5 , h;n] k9fpF5, lstfa n]V5 jf ;dfh;]jf u5{ t/ c? leIf' / leIf'0fLx? hf] s]xL klg ub}{gg\ t/ Wofg u5{g\ eg] Tof] ;dfhsf] nfuL s] sfd nfUof] t < pQ/ M ltldn] Wofg ug]{ leIf'nfO vf]Hg] a}1flgs ;Fu t'ngf ug{ ;lsG5 . ;dfhn] vf]hL ug]{ a}1fgLsnfO ;xof]u u5{ hf] k|of]uzfnfdf dfq} a;L /fV5 / cfzf u5{g sL p;n] gofF gofF cGa]if0f u/L kQf nufP/ ;fw/0f hgtfnfO lbG5g\ To;}u/L a'4 wd{sf] ;dfhdf klg WofgL leIf'nfO ;xof]u ub{5g\ , lsgeg] p;n] Wofg 1fg k|fKt u/]/ ;fw/0f hgtfsf] pksf/sf] cfzf ub{5 . t/ klg of] x'g' eGbf cufl8 jf ePg eg] klg WofgL leIf'n] c?sf] pksf/ u/]sf] x'G5 . sf]xL cfw'gLs a}1flgsx? , :jOR5frf/Ln] wgL / k|Voft x'g rfxG5 . To; k|sf/sf] k|Voftn] lagf; lt/ nfG5 / cfzSt eP/ To;sf] kl5 nfU5 jf O{Zof{ ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nfuL WofgL leIf'nfO wgLx'g'sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g t/ ;Gt'i6 x'g'g} xf] To;}n] xfldn] a'em\g' k5{ sL ;fw/0f / ;/n lhjg ljtfpg' g} kmfObf hgs 5 . &_ d}n] ;'g]sf] 5' sL clxn] leIf'0fLx? 5}gg\ < s] of] ;fFrf] xf] < pQ/ M leIf'0fL x? ;+3 a'4sf] kfnfdf a'4n] agfpg' ePsf] xf] / a'4 wd{ k|rf/ ug{df %÷^ ;o aif{ ;Dd leIf'0fLx?sf] w]/} dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf lyof] . t/ s]xL sf/0f a; leIf'0fLx?n] cfb/ ;Ddfg kfpg ;s]gg\ jf leIf'x?nfO{ h:t} ;xof]u gldn]sf] sf/0fn] ef/t, >Ln+sf, ltJat / blIf0f pQ/ Pl;ofdf leIf'0fL zf;g x/fP/ uof] . To;f] eP klg tfOjfg sf]/Lof / hfkfgdf eg] leIf'0fL zf;g cem} afFsL /x]sf] b]lvG5 . cfhsn >Ln+sfdf leIf'0fL zf;gnfO k'g{pTyfg ug]{ z'? ePklg s]lx lgsfo åf/f s'g} rf;f] g/fv]sf] b]lvG5 . h] eP klg a'4sf] z'4 1fgnfO l:jsfg]{ xf] eg] b'j} k'?if / dlxnfx? Wfd{ ljgodf /x]/ hLjg ljtfO To;af6 kmn k|fKt ug'{ g} l7s x'g]5 .
a'4 wd{sf u|Gyx?
!_ k|foM h;f] ;a} wd{x?df wfld{s u|Gyx? Nf]v]sf] kfOG5 . a'4 wd{sf] wfld{s u|Gy rfFxL s] xf] < pQ/ M a'4 wd{sf] wfld{s u|GynfO “ltlkts” elgG5 , of] ef/tLo k|flrg efiffdf n]lvPsf] lyof] , h;nfO{ kfnL efiff elgG5 . h'g a'4n] af]Ng] efiff glhs k5{ , ltlkts lstfa w]/} 5g\ , c+u|hL cg'jfbdf dfq} o;sf] sl/a $) j6f htL 5g\ . @_ ltlktssf] cy{ s] xf] < pQ/ M of] @ zJbn] ag]sf] 5 . lt sf] cy{ ltg, / lkts sf] cy{ 6f]s/L xf] . klxnf] efunfO{ ;'Qlkts elgG5 . h;df a'4n] / pxfFsf cx{Gt lzZon] atfpg' ePsf] z'4 xf] . ;'Qlktssf] laifo a:t' leGgf leGg} 5g\ ,h'g a'4n] ljleGg JolQmx?nfO leGg leGg} 7fFpdf atfpg' ePsf] lyof] . ToxL w]/} h;f] a'4sf] b]zgfsf] ?kdf 5 eg] s'g} 5nkmnsf] ?kdf 5 . c? h:t} wDd kbn] a'4 lzIffnfO slatfsf] ?kdf k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ . hfts klg To;sf] Ps pbfx/0f xf] h;df /dfOnf hgfj/sf] syf ;dfj]z u/]sf 5g\, bf];|f] efu ljgo lkts xf] . o;df leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] nfuL lgod / sfo{k|0ffnLx? ;dfj]z ePsf 5g\ . cGTo cyf{t t];|f] efunfO cle wDd lkts elgG5, of] uxlsnf] / a'em\g uf¥xf] ljifonfO ljin]if0f u/LPsf] / 5'6\ofP/ ;+u7g u/L Pp6fdf ;dfj]; u/L ldnfO agfOPsf] u|Gy xf] . cle wDd lkts b'O{ eGbf kl5 n]vLPsf] ePtf klg o;df cGt/ut s'g} klg lt b'O lkts k|KtL k|ltjfb jf lj/f]w 5}g . lktssf] zAb k|flrg ef/tdf sfdbf/x?n] ;fdfg cf];f/ k;f/ ubf{ 6f]s/Laf6 Ps 7fFpaf6 csf]{ 7fFpdf nfg k|of]u ePsf] lyof] . 6f]s/L pgLx?n] ldn]/ csf]{ dfG5]nfO kf; ug]{ ub{Yof], o;/L bf]xf]¥ofP/ km]/L hfGYof] / km]/L lnP/ cfpg] ub{Yof] . a'4sf] kfnfdf klg n]Vg] rng lyof] t/ dfG5]sf] lbdfudf ;Dem]/ /fVg' eGbf Tof] clgZrLt lyof] lstfa aif{ Ct'df uNg ;SbYof] jf lstfa sldnfn] vfg ;SYof] t/ dfG5]sf] lbdfu eg], gd/] ;Dd /xL /xg] x'G5 h;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k leIf' / leIf'0fLx?n] a'4sf] lzIffnfO lbdfudf ;Dem]/ /fvL Psn] csf{nfO l;sfO lbGy] . h:tf] ls 6f]s/Ldf /x]sf] df6f] / O§f Psn] csf{nfO lbg' h:t} xf] , o;} sf/0fn] a'4 wd{sf] u|GynfO{ 6f]s/L elgPsf] xf] . o;/L ltlkts !)) cf}+ aif{ ;Dd l6Sof] / ;g\ !)) B.C. df >Ln+sf df n]Vg z'? eof] .
#_ olb ltlkts lbdfudf ;+em]/ / w]/} jif{ ;Dd arfFPsf] eP Tof] cljZjf;gLo x'GYof] w]/} h;f] a'4sf] lzIff kl/jt{g eO x/fO ;SYof] xf]Og / < pQ/ M u|Gysf] arfj6 leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] ;+u7gfTds k|of; xf] . pgLx? ;w} e/L ;a} Ps} 7fFpdf a;]/ ;w}+ ltlkts kf7 ug]{ ub{Yo] . o;n] ubf{ To;df s'g} kl/jt{g jf yKg' eg]sf] c;+ej 5 . o;/L ljrf/ ug'{xf]nf, h:tf] ls !)) hgf dflg;nfO Pp6f lut cfpF5 t/ ;Fu} ufpFbf Ps b'O hgfn] ufP/ csf]{ gofF zAb yKg vf]Hbf s:tf] x'G5 , Tof] uLt < lglZrt ;+Vofn] ufPsf] lutdf Ps hgfn] uNtL ufP klg To;nfO ;RrfO lbG5 . csf]{ dxTjk'0f{ s'/f s] 5 eg] , Tof] a]nf s'g} l6=le= lyPg , ;dfrf/ lj1fkg lyPg , h;n] ubf{ lrQnfO vNjnfO cs}{ lt/ cfs{lift ug{ ;Sb}gYof] . h'g Tof] a]nf leIf' leIf'0fLx? ;fd'lxs Wofg kfngf ub{y] . h;sf] dtna pgLx?sf] ;+emg ;Sg] zlSt w]/} /fd|f] lyof] , clxn] klg lstfa k|of]hgdf cfO;Sbf klg sf]xL leIf'x? ;a} ltlk6s ;+emg ;Sg]x? 5g\ . leIf' d]guf]ª ;fobf]n] ;a} ltlkts pxfFsf] lbdfudf /fv]sf 5g\ . pxfFn] lulgha'sdf ;+;f/sf] ;a} eGbf al9 ;Demg ;Sg] JoflQmsf] ?kdf /]s8{ /fv]sf lyP pxfF ad]{nL gfu/Ls lyP . $_ tkfOn] kfnL eGg' eof] Tof] s] xf] < pQ/ M kfnL Pp6f efiffsf] gfd xf], h'g efiffdf a'4 wd{sf] u|Gyx? Nf]lvof] . s;}n] eGg ;s]sf 5}gg\ ls a'4n] s] efiff af]Nby], t/ k/Dk/f cg';f/ kfnL efiff eg]/ ljZjf; u/LG5, olb pxfFn] of] efiff af]Ng x'Gg lyof] eg] ;+ejt c? s'g} of] efiff ;+u glhssf] efiff af]Ng' x'GYof], tYo s'/f t of] xf] ls pxfF 7fFpdf 3'Dg' eof] / w]/} 7fFpdf b]zgf klg ug'{ eof] To;f] x'Fbf a'4n] w]/} efiff af]Ng] ug'{ x'GYof] , h'g To;a]nfsf] pQ/ ef/tdf kb{Yof] . %_ lt u|Gyx? a'4 dflu{ox?nfO slQsf dxTjk'0f{ 5 < pQ/ M ltlkts s'g} b]jtf xf]Og, s'g} OZj/n] lbPsf] rdTsf/ klg xf]Og , To;}n] a'4 dflu{ox?n] o;nfO ljZjf; ug]{ k5{ eGg] klg 5}g . a? of] Ps dxfg JoflQmn] lzsfPsf] 1fg xf] h;n] lgZlrt ?kdf JofVof lbO ;Nnfx / ;fx; lbPsf 5g\ . ;lx af6f] b]vfPsf 5g\ / xfldn] ljrf/k'0f{ cWoog / uf}/a ug'{ k5{ , xfd|f] p2]Zo eg]sf] ltlk6ssf] lzIffnfO a'em\g' xf] ,ljZjf; ug{' xf]Og . To;}n] a'4n] eGg' ePsf] 5 , xfdL cfkm}n] cfˆgf] cg'ej åf/f hfFr, a'em ug'{ k5{ , ltldn] eGg ;S5f} ls a'4 dflu{ox?sf] u|Gyx? k|ltsf] Jojxf/, eg]sf] Ps a}1fgLsn] vf]hL u/L kQf nufPsf] a:t' ,cfˆgf] lj1fg cvjf/df 5kfpg' h:t} xf], Ps a}1flgsn] ckm'n] hfFr a'em u/L cg'ej u/]sf] ;a} ;f/+z k|sflzt u/Llbof] eg] To;}u/L c?a}1flgsx?n] klg To; cvjf/nfO uf}/atf sf ;fy k9\g] ub{5g\ t/ ltlgx?n] t'?Gt ljZjf; ub}{gg\ , ha ;Dd ltlgx?n] ldNbf] kl/0ffd kfpb}gg\ . ^_ klxn] tkfOn] wDd kb eGg' eof] , Tof] s] xf] < pQ/ M wDd kb Ps ltlk6ssf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] klxnf] efu xf] , ;Tosf] af6f] jf ;To syg klg eGg] u/LG5 . o;df hDdf $@# :nf]sx? 5g\ . h;df ulDe/ ;f/ pkdfx/ / s]xL ;f}Gbo{sf] ljifox? 5g\ h'g a'4n] atfpg' ePsf] lyof] . kmn :j?k wDd kb ;a} eGbf k|rlntdf cfPsf] a'4 ;flxTo xf] . of] w]/} efiffx? Aff6 cg'jfb e};s]s]f 5 . ;+;f/sf] ;j{>]i7 wfld{s ;flxTosf] ?kdf lrgf/L eO ;s]sf] 5 .
&_ s;}n] dnfO{ eGof] ls of] u|Gy tn e'FOdf jf sfvLdf /fVg' x'b}g, t/ pRr :t/df dfly /fVg' k5{ /] s] of] ;fFrf] xf] < pQ/ M clxn] ;Dd klg s]lx a'4 wd{ dfGg] b]zx?df / dWo o'/f]kdf h:t}, lstfax?sf] w]/} cefj / d'Nojfg a:t' ;dfg 5g\ . To;}n] u|Gyx? w]/} uf}/j ;fy ;hfpg] u/LG5 / kl5 cfP/ ltldn] eg] h:t} of] rng rNtL eP/ cfPsf] xf] . h'g ;'s} eP klg ha rng / k/Dk/fn] rln cfP klg l7s} 5 , cfh ef]nLsf] dfG5]x? To;df ePsf] 1fg u'0fsf] s'/fnfO a'em]/ cEof; u/L uf}/j ug'{df g} ;xdtL 5g\ . *_ a'4 wd{sf u|Gyx? k9\g dnfO w]/} g} uf¥xf] 5, lsgsL ltgLx? Wf]/} nfdf] / bf]xf]¥ofO t]x¥ofO n]vLPsf 5g\ To;}n] k9\bf cN5L klg nfU5 . pQ/ M ha xfld wfld{s u|Gyx? kN6fpF5f} tj xfld rfxG5f} , tf/Lkm, v'lz / k|;+zf , h;n] ubf{ xfldnfO k|]/0ff lbG5 . kmn :j?k sf]xLn] a'4 wd{sf] u|Gy k9]/ cln lg/fz x'G5g\ ha ls s]lx a'4 argx? /dfOnf / ;f}Gbo{ 5g\ . w]/} h;f] bz{g / JofVof clg xf];Lof/ k'j{s sf/0f ;lxtsf] afb ljjfb / k'0f{?kdf Jofjxf/Ls ;'emfj cyjf Wofg / ;To argx? ;dfj]z 5g\ . lt ;a} dfgl;s pQ]hg eGbf 1fgsf] s'/f a9L 5 , ha xfld a'4 wd{sf u|Gyx?nfO c? wd{ ;+u t'ngf gu/L x]¥of}+ eg], ltdLcfkm}n] b]Vg ;S5f} , To;sf] cfˆg} k|sf/sf] ;f}Gb{otf h;df :jR5 ;f}Gbo{ ulx/f] ;f}Gb{otf / 1fg a'4Lsf] ;f}Gbo{tf cflb 5g\ . (_ d}n] k9]+ of] u|Gy ;a}eGbf klxnf tfn kqdf n]vLPsf] lyof] , lsg To;f] u/LPsf] lyof] < pQ/ M xf] , lsgeg] Tof] ;dodf ef/t / >Ln+sf df sfhu kQf nfu]sf] klg lyPg, ;fw/0f tof s]xL lr7Lx? lx;fa lstfa / c?sfo{x? hgfj/sf] 5fnfdf kmnfdsf] kftfdf cyjf tfn kqdf n]lvGYof] . a'4dflu{ox? Hfgfj/sf] 5fnfdf n]Vg dg k/fpFb}gy] . / kmnfdfs] kftfdf klg n]Vb}gy] . lsgeg] w]/} dxuf]+ / af]Sg ufXf] x'GYof],/ cGTodf tfn kqdf n]lvof] . tfn kq tof/ e};s] kl5 Ps cfk;df wfu]f n] af8\b5g\ / @ sf7sf] lardf /fV5g\ , h;n] ubf{ ;lhnf] / alnof] x'g] ub{Yof] . h'gsL clxn]sf] lstfa h:t} aG5 , ha a'4 wd{ lrgdf k'Uof] u|Gyx? /]zdL n'ufdf jf sfuhdf n]vLof] , %)) aif{ kl5 w]/} u|Gyx? rflxg]dfqfdf pknAwL u/fpg 5fkfsf] kQf nfUof] . ;+;f/sf] ;a}eGbf k'/fgf] 5fkf af6 lgsfnLPsf] lstfa lrg efiffdf ePsf] kfOG5 ,h'g a'4 arg lyof], To] lstfa ;g\ *@* df k|sflzt ePsf] lyof] .
Oltxf; / lasf;
!_ xfndf a'4 wd{ w]/} dlg;n] ljleGg b]zx?df dfGg yfn] of] s;/L eof] < pQ/ M a'4sf] kl/lgj{fg ePsf] !%) aif{ leq d} pQ/ ef/tdf lgs} k|rf/ ePsf] lyof] , To;kl5 ;g\ @^@ B.B. df df}o{ /fhf czf]sn] a'4 wd{ ckgfO pgsf ;a} /fHox?df k|rf/ u/]sf lyo , To;kl5 w]/} dfG5]x? o; wd{df cfs|lzt ePsf lyP . ljif]z u/L lxGb' wd{sf] hft eftsf] ljkIfdf cfPsf lyP, ;d|f6 czf]sn] ;+ufogf u/]/ cfˆgf] l5d]sL b]zx?df wd{ b't leIf'x?nfO{ wd{ k|rf/sf nfuL k7fPsf lyP , h'g To;a]nf o'/f]k ;Dd klg k'u]sf lyP . o;sf] ;a}eGbf ;kmn ePsf] b]z >Ln+sf xf] . plxn] b]vL clxn] ;Dd klg 6fk'df a'4 wd{ afFls g} /Xof] . c? wd{b't x? blIf0f / klZrd ef/t clxn]sf] sfl:d/ / blIf0f efusf] adf{ / yfOn]08sf] pklåk ;Dd k'u] , Ps ztfAbL kl5 jf To;kl5 ckmuflg:tfg / ef/tsf] pQ/df /x]sf] kxfl8o e'–efu ;Dd a'4 wd{ k|rf/ eof] . leIf'x? Jofkf/Lx? ;+u} dWo Pl;ofdf wd{ k|rf/sf] nfuL k'u] / cGTodf lrg / ToxfF af6 sf]/Lof x'b}+ hfkfg k'u]sf lyP .
of] /f]rssf] ljifo xf] lsgsL a'4 wd{ dfq a}b]lzs larf/wf/f ;+u dfq d]n vfG5 h'g lrgdf k'u]sf] lyof], vf;u/L >Ln+sfsf leIf'x?sf] k|of; åf/f !@ cf}+ ztfAbLdf adf{, yfOn]08, nfcf]; / sDaf]l8of h:tf] b]zx?sf] d'Vo wd{ g} a'4 wd{ x'g of]Uo eof] .
@_s;/L / sxLn] b]vL ltAjtLx? a'4 dflu{ eP < pQ/ M cf7f}+ ztfAbLdf ltAjtsf /fhfn] ef/taf6 leIf'x? / u|Gyx? Nofpg /fhb't k7fPsf lyP, a'4 wd{ t NofOof] t/ ltAjtsf k'/fgf] af]g wd{sf k'/f]lxt x?n] la/f]w u/]sf] sf/0f a'4 wd{n] 7fFp kfpg ;s]g / cGTodf !! cf}+ ztfAbLdf ef/taf6 w]/} leIf'x? / wd{ u'?x? ltAjt cfOk'u] / a'4 wd{sf] pTyfg eof] . To;a]nf b]vL ltAjt klg a'4 wd{ dfGg] b]z eof] . #_ s] To; eP a'4 wd{ w]/} k|rf/ eof] < pQ/ M TotLdfq xf]Og ToFxf s]xL cTofrf/ 36gfx? Kflg 5g\ . h'g a'4 wd{ k|rf/sf] k|tL/f]w eP t/ klg k|of; eP / l;kfxLx?sf] lah]tf em}+ eof] / a'4 wd{ ;w}+ ;/n lhjg lhpg] k2lt xf] / s;}nfO ljZjf; ug{df afWotf t'Nofpg' a'4dflu{ox?sf] s'g} rf;f] 5}g . $_ w]/} b]zx?df k'u]/ a'4 wd{n] s] k|efj kf¥of] < pQ/ M ha wd{b't eO uPsf leIf'x? ljleGg b]zx?df k'u] ltgLx?n] a'4 wd{sf] 1fg dfq nu]gg\ plgx?n] plrt ;+:s[tL klg ;fydf nu]sf lyP . leIf'x?n] cfkm'df ePsf] hl8 a'6Lsf] 1fg klg k|rf/ u/]sf lyP . t/ g t >Ln+sf, ltAat, g t c? s'g} dWo Pl;ofnL b]zx?df leIf'x?n] k|rf/ u/]sf] elg n]vLof] < of] g} kl5 kl5 laleGg larf/, 1fg kl/jt{g u/L n]vLof] . a'4 wd{ cfpg'eGbf klxn] ltAat / d+uf]nLogx? H+funL h:t} lyP, ha a'4 wd{ cfP plgx? ;/n / ;Eo lhjg ljtfpg] ePsf lyP . ef/tdf alnlbg] k|yf sd ePsf] sf/0f a'4 wd{ xf] / s]xL ;do ;Dd hflto e]befj sd eof] / xfndf a'4 wd{ o'/f]k / cd]/Lsfdf k|rf/ eof] clg klZrd]nLx?df klg gofF gofF z'?jft x'b}+5 / o;sf] k|efjn] dflg;x?sf] ljrf/df kl/jt{g NofpFb}5 . %_ a'4 wd{ ef/tdf s;/L ktg eof] < pQ/ M o;af/]df s;}n] klg lrQ a'em\g] u/L JofVof lbPsf 5}gg\, sf]xL Oltxf;sf/x? eG5g\ , a'4 wd{df w]/} ljs[tL cfPsf]n] hgtfx? o;sf] ljkIfdf x'g yfn] , c? eG5g\, a'4 wd{n] lxGb' wd{sf] larf/nfO ld>Lt u/]sf]n] 5'6\ofpg g;lsg] eof] csf]{ larf/df leIf'x? 7'nf] 7'nf] ljxf/df ;?jf eP/ uP , hxfF /fhfsf] ;xof]u ldNbYof] / kl5 of] ;fw/0f dfG5]nfO x:tfGq0f u/Lof] , o;/L h'g;'s} sf/0fx? eP klg *÷( cf}+ ztfAbLdf a'4 wd{ w]/} g} ktg eO ;s]sf] lyof] , ha d':nLdx?n] cft+s / xdnf u¥of] !#cf}+ ztfAbLdf ;Dk'0f{ ?kn] a'4 wd{sf] ktg eof] .
^_ ef/tdf cem}klg s]xL a'4 wd{dfGg]x? 5g\ xf]Og / < pQ/ M xf], 5g\ / ;fFRr} eGg] xf] eg] @) cf}+ ztfAbLdf cfP/ aNn a'4 wd{sf] z'?jft eof] , ;g\ !(%^ df Ps cIf't hftn] a'4 wd{ dfGg yfn] lsgeg] p / pgsf hgtfx?n] lxGb' wd{sf] hft / eft k|yfsf] sf/0fn] w]/} b'Mv ef]u]sf lyP . To;a]nf b]vL *) nfv dflg;x? a'4 wd{sf] z/0fdf cfPsf lyP / o;sf] ;+Vof cem} a9\b} 5 . &_ a'4 wd{ klZrd]nL b]zdf slxn] cfof] < pQ/ M ;+ejt ;a}eGbf klxnf ;g\ # B.C. df /fhf cn]Sh]08/sf] nf8fO kl5 lu|saf6 a;fFO ;/]/ cfPsfx? a'4 dfu{ ag] , Pp6f lgs} k'/fg]f lstfa ldlnGb k|Zg h'g leIf' gfu;]g / OGbf] lu|s /fhf ldlnGbf]sf] 5nkmn xf] t/ xfndf !( cf}+ ztfAbLdf w]/} a'4LlhjLx?n] a'4 wd{sf u|Gyx? efiff cg'jfbsf] ;fy} ljleGg n]v n]v]/ k|;+zf / uf}/a ;fy k|rf/ ug{ yfn] . ;g\ !())df s]xL klZrd]nLx? cfkm'nfO a'4dflu{o eGg yfn] eg] sf]xL !,@ hgf leIf' ;d]t ag] / ;g\ !(^) b]vL klZrd]nL a'4dfuL{ aGg yfn] / clxn] sd} eP klg w]/} klZrd]nL b]zx?df pNn]vgLo ;+Vofdf a'4 dflu{ox? 5g\ . *_ ljleGg k|sf/sf] a'4 wd{af/] s]xL atfpg'xf];\ < pQ/ M a'4 wd{ pRrsf] d+uf]nLof b]vL dflNbE; ;Dd , afvf b]vL afnL ;Dd eg] h:t} leGbf leGb} ;+:s[tLsf JolQmx?nfO{ g} ;f]Wg' a]; xf]nf . o;/L w]/} ztfAbL ;Dd :yflkt eP/ dflg;sf] ;dfhdf /Xof] / ljsfz x'b}+ cfof] . o;sf] kl/0ffd ha af:tljs wd{sf] pTyfg eof] , To;/L g} aflx/L a:t'sf] kl/jt{g x'g' :jefljs lyof] cfh ef]nL ltg k|sf/sf a'4 wd{x? 5g\ – y]/jfb, dfxfofg, / jh|ofg x'g . (_ y]/jfb s] xf] < pQ/ M y]/jfbsf] cy{ xf] c6'6 ?kdf a'4sf] kfnf b]vL rnLcfPsf], h]i7 wd{ xf] . / o;sf] ;a} eGbf k'/fgf] u|Gy kfnL xf] h;df ;Dk'0f{ a'4 argx? ;dfj]; ePsf 5g\ . y]/jfb w]/} ?l9jflb 5g\ . s'g} klg wd{ ljgo kl/jt{g ug{ grfxg] / wd{ / ljgonfO{ g} d'Vo dfG5g\ , h'g ;fg]f ltgf] b]vL lnP/ s8f ljgo ;Dd ;dfa]z ePsf 5g\ . cfh ef]nL y]/jfb dfGg] b]zx? Hf:t} >Ln+sf ,adf{, yfONof08, nfcf]; , sDaf]l8of / c? Pl;ofsf] blIf0fk'j{sf b]z x? x'g\ .
!)_ dfxfofg s] xf] <
pQ/ M klxnf] ztfJbL 1 B.C.lt/ a'4 wd{ cem al9 ulx/f] ?kdf kQf nufPsf] cg'dfg ul/G5 , ;dfhsf] kl/jt{g cg';f/ gofF 9+un] a'4 wd{sf] k|rf/ ug'{ cfjZos lyof] o;/L laleGg ljBfnox?df lasfzsf] ;+u;+u} of] wd{ klg cl3 a9\of] / eGg yfn] dfxfofg wd{ , h;sf] cy{ xf] dxfg aftf] . lsg eg] plgx?n] eGg yfn] of] ;a}sf] nfuL plrt 5 , leIf' / leIf'0fLx?sf] nfuL dfq xf]O{g o;/L of] ef/tsf] d'Vo wd{ x'g uof] / clxn] lrg tfOjfg, sf]/Lof , leotgfd / hfkfgdf dfGg] u/]sf 5g\ , y]/jfbLx?n] eGg yfn] sL dfxfofg wd{n] a'4sf] lzIffnfO{ aª\ufo]]f, To;f]eP klg dfxfofg eGg] ub{5g\ s]xL cfjZos ePdf kl/jt{g ug{ ldNg] of] a'4n] l:jsf/]sf] tYo xf] , plgx?sf] cy{df eGbf ah|+f7sf] ?vnfO lju|fg] ah|f+7sf] kmn eg] em}+ a'4 wd{nfO{ lju|fg] plgx?sf] efjfy{ xf]Og .
!!_ d}n] lxgofg eg]sf] zAb w]/} k6s ;'g]sf] 5' To;sf] cy{ s] xf] <
pQ/ M ha dfxfofgsf] ljsfz eof] ltlgx? klxn]sf] a'4 wd{af6 5'l§g rfxGy] ,To;}n] plgx? cfkm}n] cfkm}nfO dfxfofg eGg yfn] h;sf] cy{ dfxfg aftf] / klxn]sf] a'4 wd{nfO lxgofg elg gfdfs+/0f u/Lof] .h;sf] cy{ xf] t'R5 aftf] . To;}n] lxgofg eg]sf] dfxfofg x?n] lbPsf Ps lgsfo xf] .
!@_ ah|ofg eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/ M ha ef/tdf lxGb' wd{sf] k'g/pTyfg x'b}+uof] ;g\ ^ b]vL & cf}+ ztfAbL lt/ ah|ofgsf] ljsfz ;'? eof] . ah|ofg lxGb'wd{n] ljrf/wf/fdf k|efljt ePsf] lyof] . ljz]ifu/L b]jL b]jtfnfO k'hf ug]{ / l/tL l/jfh o;sf] :ki6 hafkm xf] . !! cf}+ ztfAbL lt/ ah|ofgsf] :yfkgf plrt ?kn] ltAjtdf eof] hxfF w]/} ljslzt kl/jt{g Nofof] . ah|ofgsf] cy{xf] lx/fsf] aftf] / o;nfO 6'qmf ug{ g;sLg] eGg] g} pgLx?sf] ts{ xf] . k/Dk/fut a'4 u|Gyx?nfO eGbf w]/} h;f] csf]{ ah|ofgf] tGqdf al9 e/ kb{5 . To;}n] lognfO{ tGqofg klg elgG5 . ah|ofgn] cfhsn d+uf]nLof , ltAat, g]kfn , e'6fg / ef/tdf a;]sf ltAatLx?n] dfGb5g\ .
!#_ of] ;'Gbf w]/} g} uf]nfdfn b]lvG5, olb d}n] a'4 wd{ dGbf s;nfO{ dfGbf plrt x'G5 <
pQ/M ;fob xfldn] Pp6f vf]nf ;+u t'ngf ug{ ;S5f}+ olb ltdL vf]nfsf] 5]p 5]paf6 vf]nfsf] d'xfg ;Dd k'Uof} eg] ;+ejt vf]nfsf] d'xfg km/s km/s b]lvG5 , t/ olb ltdLn] vf]nfsf] d'xfgaf6 5]p 5]p x'+b} cfPdf kxf8x? , pkTosfx? ,em/gfx? / c? ;–;fgf vf]nfx? Kflg To;df ldn]/ au]sf] b]v]/ cGTodf vf]nfsf] d'xfgdf cfOk'U5 clg ltldn] a'em\g] 5f} ls lsgltgLx? d'xfgb]vL km/s 5g\ , olb ltdL a'4 wd{ cWoog ug{ rfxG5f} eg] klxn] b]vL z'? u/ h:t} cfo{ ;To , cfo{ ci6fªuLs dfu{ a'4 lhjgL cfbL To;k5L cWoog u/ , s;/L / lsg a'4 wd{ / ljrf/x? ljsfz eP clg To;df Wofg lbP/ hfpm ltldn] w]/} sf/0f b]Vg]5f} . To;kl5 ltdLnfO{ vf]nf, vf]nfsf] d'xfgsf] clwgdf 5 elg eGg' c;+ej x'G5 cyjf vf]nfs]f d'xfgn] ljuf/Llbof] eGbf klg c;+ej x'G5 .
* ;dfKt *
Nepali Version: preeti font
cy { s ] xf ] eGg ] kQf nufpg ] sfl] zz ugk{' b5{ . h ] ePklg of]
;To xf] ls s'g} s'g} o:tf Jojxf/ / rngx¿ 5g\ h'g a'4sf
pkb]zx¿df cfwfl/t x'g'eGbf klg cGwljZjf; / cgle1tfaf6
pTkGg ePsf 5g\ / To:tf] cgle1tf a'4wd{df dfq kfOg]
xf]Og t/ o:tf] ;a} wd{¿df ;do ;dodf pTkGg x'G5g\ .
a'4n] o; ljifodf k"0f{ JofVof u/L k|i6;“u lzIff lbg'ePsf]
5 . o;df s;}n] klg k"0f{ ¿kdf a'‰g ;St}g eg] a'4nfO{ bf]if
lbg ;lsGg . Pp6f pvfg 5– olb Pp6f /f]u nfu]sf] Pp6f
dflg;n] cfºgf] ghLsdf a}B 5“bf 5“b} klg cf}iflw pkrf/
u/fp“b}g eg] o;df Tof] a}Bsf] s] bf]if <
To;/L g} cGwsf/¿kL Sn]z Joflwn] u|:t eO{ cfs'n
Jofs'n eO/x]sf dflg;x¿n] a'4sf] d2t lng vf]Hb}gg\ eg]
Tof] bf]if a'4sf] xf]Og .
(J N 28-9)
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/fVg' x'G5 eg] a'4 jrg k9\g'xf];\ jf a'4wd{nfO{ ;xL cy{df
a‰' gx] ¿;u“ s/' fsflg ugx{' f;] \ .
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xf] ls s]xL af}4 d'n'sx¿ u/La 5g\ . t/ olb u/La eGgfn]
hLjgsf] u/LaL u'0f ;Demg' x'G5 eg] ;fob s]xL af}4 d'n'sx¿
c;fWo wgL 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu cd]l/sf cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn]
wgL tyf zlQm ;DkGg d'n's xf] . t/ Toxf“sf] ck/fw b/
;;+ f/sf ] ;a } dn' s' x¿df eGbf a9L 5– nfvfs+} f ] ;V+ ofdf a9' f
a9' Lx¿nfO { cfºgf 5f/] f 5f/] Lx¿n ] jf:tf ubg{} g \ . clg PSnfk] gdf
g} a[4 cf>dx¿df db{5g\ / Toxf“ 3/fo;L snx / afn
ck/fw h:tf 7"nf ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ . k|To]s tLg ljjfxdWo]
Pp6f kf/kfr's]df 6'lËG5 / j]Zofj[lQ k|z:t dfqfdf kfOG5 .
k};fsf] ;DaGwdft wgL 5g\ . t/ hLjgsf] u'0f ;DaGwdf eg]
u/La of 3l6of 5g\ . ca adf{nfO{ lnp“ – h'g cfly{s b[li6sf]0fdf
k5fl8 5 . cfdf afa'x¿nfO{ cfºgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿n] cfb/ ;Tsf/
ub{5g\, ck/fwsf] b/ t'ngfTds b[li6n] sd 5 . kf/kfr's]
tyf cfTdxTof h:tf zAbx¿ k|foM ;'Gg klg kfO“b}g . oL
3/fo;L lab|f]x tyf afnck/fw / cZnLn t:jL/ tyf
j]Zofj[lQsf] :jLs[lQsf] cl:tTj g} 5}g . cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn]
k5fl8 cjZo 5 t/ hLjgsf] u'0f eg] ;fob cd]l/sfsf] eGbf
w]/} pRr:t/sf] 5 . olb cfly{s ¿kdf dfq af}4 b]zx¿nfO{
8 a$' wd { s ] xf ] < k|Zgf]Q/ 9
k|Zg M af}4x¿ zfsfxf/L x'g'kb{5, xf]Og / <
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cfºgf lziox¿nfO{ zfsfxf/L x'g] lzIff lbg'ePg / clxn] klg
5}g . w]/} c;n af}4x¿ 5g\ hf] slxNo} klg zfsfxf/L ePgg\ .
kZ| g M t/ olb tkfO +{ df; ' vfgx' G' 5 eg ] cbZ[ o ¿kn ] kf| 0fL3ftkl| t
pQ/bfoL x'g'x'G5 . o;n] klxnf] zLn eË ePg / <
pQ/ M of ] ;To xf ] ls ha tkfO { df;s' f ] ;j] g ugx{' G' 5 eg]
tkfO{ k/f]If / cf+lzs ¿kdf k|f0fL lx+;fdf pQ/bfoL x'g'x'G5
t/ To;/L g } ;To xf ] ls hg' an] f tkfO +{ ;fu;AhLsf ] ;j] g
ugx{' G' 5 . ;fu;AhLx¿ tkfOs+{ f ] vfgfsf ] yfndf sL/fn ] vfPsf
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cGgafnLdf sL6f0f'gf;s cf}iflw / ljif 5s{g'kb{5 . clg km]l/
klg tkfO{+sf] sd/k]6Lsf] nflu cyjf Xof08Jofusf] nflu
5fnf kfpg hLjhGtx' ¿nfO { dfl/G5, tkfOn+{ ] ko| fu] ug {] ;fag' sf]
60 zfsfxf/L k|Zgf]Q/ 61
nflu klg s]xL g s]xL dfl/G5g\ . s'g} g s'g} k|sf/n] c¿x¿sf]
d[To'sf] nflu k/f]If¿kn] pQ/bfoL geO{ af“Rg k|foM c;Dej
5 . of ] Pp6f klxnf ] cfo;{ Tosf ] csf {] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf ] .
;fwf/0f cl:tTj g } bM' v / c;Gti' 6L xf ] . ha tkfO +{ klxnf]
zLn ux| 0f ugx{' G' 5 ta tkfO +{ kT| oIf¿kdf kf| 0fL3ft uga{ f6
pQ/bfoL x'g klG5g' x'G5 .
kZ| g M dxfofgL af4} x¿ df;s' f ] ;j] g ubg{} g \ .
pQ/ M Tof] s'/f ;To xf]Og . rLgdf dxfofgL af}4 wd{n]
zfsfxf/L x'gdf 7"nf] hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 t/ hfkfg / ltAatsf
dxfofgL k/Dk/fsf b'a} leIf' tyf pkf;s pkfl;sfx¿n]
;fwf/0ftof df;'sf ;]jg ub{5g\ .
k|Zg M t/ d cem} klg eGb5' ls af}4x¿ zfsfxf/L g} x'g'kb{5 .
pQ/ M olb Pp6f dflg; hf] cToGt s§/ zfsfxf/L 5 t/ pm
c;fWo :jfyL,{ c;Eo, gLr 5 / csf {] Pp6f dflg; hf ] zfsfxf/L
xf]Og t/ pm c¿sf] ljrf/ u5{, OdfGbf/ 5, pbf/ 5 / bofn'
5 eg] oL b'O{hgf dWo] s'g rf“lx c;n af}4 x'g\ <
k|Zg M Tof] dflg;, hf] OdfGbf/ / bofn' 5 .
pQ/ M lsg <
k|Zg M lsgeg] To:tf] dflg; lgZroklg c;n Xbosf] x'G5 .
pQ/ M cjZo . Pshgf df;s' f ] ;j] g ug {] dflg;sf ] Xbo z4'
xg' ;Sb5 . 7Ls To;/L g } Pshgf df;s' f ] ;j] g gugs{] f ] Xbo
cz4' xg' ;Sb5 . af4} lzIffdf tkfOn+{ ] ;j] g ug {] vfgfdf
;dfjz] ul/Psf s/' fx¿eGbf tkfOs+{ f ] Xbosf ] u0' f a9L dxTjk0" f{
s/' f xf ] . w/] } h;f ] af4} x¿ slxNo } df;s' f ] ;j] g klg gugd{' f
7"nf] Vofn /fVb5g\ t/ pgLx¿ :jfyL{ x'g], OdfGbf/ gx'g], b'i6
cyjf Oi{ ofn{ ' xg' ] s/' fdf eg ] jf:tf g } ubg{} g \ . pgLx¿n]
cfºgf] cfxf/ abNb5g\ h'g ;lhnf] klg 5 t/ Xbo kl/jt{g,
hg' ug { ufxf| ] 5, ugd{ f klg jf:tf ubg{} g \ . To;n} ] tkfO+{
zfsfxf/L xg' x' f;] \ of df;+ fxf/L a4' wdd{ f cfºgf ] dg z4' ug {' g}
;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] eGg] ;DemL /fVg'k5{ .
kZ| g M tkfOn+{ ] clxn;] Dd h ] eGge' of ] ;f ] ;f¥x } rfv nfUof ] . d
s;/L af}4 x'g ;S5' <
pQ/ M Ps ;dodf pkfln eGg] Pshgf dflg; lyof] . pm c¿
g} wd{sf] cg'ofoL lyof] . pm a'4 sxf“ 5nkmn ug{ / jxf“nfO{
wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg] x]t'n] Toxf“ uof] . t/ a'4;“u s'/fsfgL
u/]kl5 pm olQsf] k|efljt eof] ls p;n] a'4sf] cg'ofoL aGg]
lg0f{o u¥of] . t/ a'4n] eGg' eof]–
æklxn ] /fd/| L hfr“ /] x/] . tkfO +{ h:tf ] kl| ;4 JolQmn]
/fd/| L hfr“ /] xg] {' /fdf| ] xg' 5] .Æ
ca eujfg\n] dnfO{ æklxn] /fd|/L hf“r u/Æ egL
eGg ' xb“' f d cem w/] {} v;' L / ;Gti' 6 eP “ lsgeg ] olb c¿
wd{sf ;b:ox¿n] dnfO{ lziosf] ¿kdf u|x0f u/] eg] ltgLx¿n]
xftdf em08f lnP/ zx/sf] rf/}lt/ pkfln æxfdLx¿sf] wd{df
cfPÆ eGb} 3'Dg] unf{g\ t/ eujfg\n] dnfO{ eGg'eof] æklxn]
9= af}$ x'g'
/fd/| L hfr“ /] x/] . tkfO +{ h:tf ] kl| ;4 JolQmn ] /fd/| L hfr“ /] xg] {'
/fd|f] x'g]5 .Æ
dlHemdlgsfo @–#&(
a'4wd{df ;dembf/L Psbd} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 /
;dembf/Ldf ;do nfUb5 . To;}n] x8a8 u/L a'4wd{df nfUg'
kbg{} . ;do np] m, kZ| gx¿ u/ / /fd/| L ljrf/ u//] x/] clg
cfkm} g} lg0f{o u/ . a'4n] a9L ;+Vofdf lziox¿ agfpg] OR5f
uge{' Psf ] lyPg . dflg;x¿n ] /fd/| L hfr“ /] x/] /] clg oyfyt{ fnfO{
ljrf/ u/]/ cfºgf lzIffx¿ /fd|/L kfng u¿g\ eGg] s'/fdf
pxf“ lrlGtt x'g'x'GYof] .
k|Zg M olb hf“r]/ x]bf{ a'4sf] lzIff :jLsf/ of]Uo kfP“ / af}4 x'g
rfx +] eg ] dn} ] ta s ] ug {' knf { <
pQ/ M /fd|f] ljxf/ cyjf af}4 ;d'bfodf ;dfj]z x'g' g} ;a}eGbf
/fdf| ] xfn] f . pgLx¿nfO { ;xofu] ugx{' f;] / pgLx¿af6 klg
;xof]u lng'xf];\ / a'4sf] lzIffnfO{ cem a9L yfxf kfpg
lg/Gt/ nfUgx' f;] \ . ha tkfO +{ tof/ xg' x' fn] f ta lq/Tgsf]
z/0f uO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf af}4 x'g'x'g]5 .
k|Zg M lqz/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/ M z/0f eg]sf] To:tf] 7fp“ xf] hxf“ dflg;x¿ cfkm"nfO{
68 af$} xg' ' k|Zgf]Q/ 69
b'Mv kbf{ cyjf ;'/Iffsf] cfjZos kbf{ hfg] u5{g\ . z/0f w]/}
lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . ha dflg;x¿ b'MvL x'G5g\ ltgLx¿ cfºgf
;fyLx¿sf] z/0fdf hfG5g\, ha pgLx¿ lrlGtt / eoeLt
x'G5g\ ta ltgLx¿ em"7f] cfzf / ljZjf;sf] z/0fdf nfU5g\ .
ha ltgLx¿df d[To' cfOnfU5 ta ltgLx¿ cnf}lss :ju{sf]
ljZjf;df z/0f n]nfg\ . t/ a'4n] eGg'eP h:t} logLx¿dWo]
s'g} klg ;f“rf z/0f xf]Ogg\ lsgeg] ltgLx¿n] oyfy{tfdf
cfwfl/t ;'v / ;'/Iff lbg ;Sb}gg\ .
;f“rf] cy{df of] z/0f ;'/lIft 5}g . of] pQd z/0f
klg xf]Og . ;a} k|sf/sf] b'Mvaf6 5'6\sf/f kfpg] z/0f klg
5}g . t/ h;n] b'Mv, b[Zosf] sf/0f, b'Mvsf] lg/f]w / b'MvnfO{
lg/fw] ug {] cfoc{ i6fl+ us dfun{ fO { k1| f bl[ i6n ] x/] L a4' , wd { /
;+3sf] z/0f lng' g} jf:tjdf ;'/lIft z/0f, pQd z/0f xf] .
oxL z/0f lnPdf hf] sf]xL klg ;a} k|sf/sf b'Mvx¿af6 d'Qm
x'g;Qm5 .
wDdkb !*(–!(@
a'4sf] z/0fdf hfg', a'4n] k|fKt u/] h:t} ;j{1 af]lw1fg
kf| Kt ug { ;lsG5 eGg ] lglZrt ¿kn ] :jLsf/ ug {' xf ] . wds{ f]
z/0f lng'sf] cy{ xf]– rt'/fo{;TotfnfO{ oyfy{ ¿kdf a'‰g'
tyf cfºgf] hLjg cfo{ci6f+lusdfu{df cfwfl/t agfpg' . ;+3sf]
z/0fdf hfg'sf] cy{ xf]– cfo{ ci6f+lus dfu{df lx8\g]x¿af6
;xofu] , k/]| 0ff / dfu { lgbz{] g kfpg ' . o:tf ] ugfn{ ] af4} xfO] G5
/ lgjf{0fsf] af6f]lt/ Ps kfOnf cl3 a9fpg ;lsG5 .
kZ| g M tkfOn+{ ] klxnf ] lqz/0f lng ' ePbl] v tkfOs+{ f ] hLjgdf s]
s] kl/jt{gx¿ eP <
pQ/ M @%)) jif { otfbl] v c;V+ o nfvf +} nfv c¿x¿n ] h:t}
a'4sf] lzIffn] o; s7f]/ ;+;f/df s]xL nfesf/L ePsf] d}n]
kfP“ . cy{xLg hLjgnfO{ pgLx¿n] cy{ lbP . pgLx¿n] dnfO{
dfgjLo / sf¿l0fs gLlt lbP h;n] d]/f] hLjg 8f]¥ofpg] 5 /
dn} ] s;/L csf {] hl' gdf ljz4' tf / ;j1{ tf kf| Kt ug { ;Sg5] '
eGg] b]vfO{ lbPsf] 5 .
k|frLg ef/tsf Pshgf sljn] n]Vg' ePsf] 5 ls–
pxf“sf] z/0f hfg', pxf“sf] u'0f ufpg', pxf“sf] ;Ddfg
ug {' / wds{ f ] lgod kfng ug {' egs] f ] /fdf| l] ;t ae' m/] sfo { ug{'
xf] .
d oL zAbx¿l;t k"0f{ ;xdt 5' .
æTo:t} d klg ;xdt 5' .Æ
v
2= a'$wd{sf df}lns l;$fGtx?
k|Zg M a'4sf d'Vo pkb]z s] s] x'g\ <
pQ/ M a'4sf ;a} h;f] pkb]zx¿ rt'/fo{;Todf s]lGb|t 5g\ .
h;/L Pp6f rqmsf] dWodf To;sf ;a} ;'Ox¿ / 3]/f s]lGb|t
x'G5g\ To;/L g} cfo{;Tox¿ rf/j6f 5g\ . To;}n] …rt'/Ú elgPsf]
xf] . ltgLx¿nfO{ h;n] /fd|/L a'‰b5 To;nfO{ 1fgL agfOlbG5 .
To;}n] cfo{ elgPsf] xf] . / logLx¿ ;To 5g\ tyf
jf:tljstfl;t ldNb5g\ . To;}n] ltgLx¿nfO{ æ;ToÆ elgPsf]
xf] .
k|Zg M klxnf] cfo{ ;To s'g xf] <
pQ/ M hLjg g} b'Mv xf] eGg] klxnf] cfo{ ;To xf] . af“Rgsf]
lgldQ bM' v ugk{' 5 { . sg' } lsl;dsf ] bM' vsf ] cge' j ljgf afR“ g'
c;Dej 5 . xfdLx¿n] /f]u Aoflw, 3fp, rf]6, ysfj6, a'9\ofO“
tyf cGTodf d[To' h:tf zf/Ll/s b'Mv ef]Ug'kb{5 / xfdLx¿n]
PSnf]kg, cfTd c;Gtf]if, 8/, qf;, dfgl;s lrGtf, xtf]T;fx,
18 a$' wds{ f dfl} ns l;$fGtx? k|Zgf]Q/ 19
/L; cflb h:tf dfgl;s b'Mvx¿ klg ;xg'kb{5 .
k|Zg M s] of] s]xL dfqfdf lg/fzfjfbL 5}g <
pQ/ M lg/fzfjfbnfO{ zAbsf]ifn] kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 ls æh'g;'s}
s'/f x'G5 eg] Tof] v/fa g} x'g]5 eg]/ ;f]Rg] afgLÆ cyjf
æc;neGbf klg v/fa a9L zlQmzfnL 5 eGg] ljZjf; .Æ
a'4wd{n] of] s'/fsf] lzIff lb“b}g . g t o;n] ;'vsf] cl:tOEj 5
egL c:jLsf/ g} u5{ . o;n] ;/n tl/sfn] eGb5 ls lhpg'
egs] f ] g } zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s bM' vsf ] cge' j ug {' xf ] . hg'
s'/f Psbd} ;To tyf Psbd} cjZoDefjL 5 ls o;nfO{
c:jLsf/ ug{ g} ;ls“b}g . w]/} h;f] wd{x¿sf] ;f/e"t ljrf/wf/f
kf}/fl0fs syf xf] . Pp6f k/Dk/fut syf cyjf ljZjf; h;nfO{
s]nfP/ x]g{ sl7g 5 jf c;Dej 5 . Pp6f em"7f] k|dfl0ft ug{
g;lsg] ;To, Pp6f ;a}n] hfg]sf] s'/f, ;a}n] cg'ej u/]sf] /
To;nfO{ lhTg ;a}n] sf]lzz ul//x]sf] Pp6f cg'ejaf6 a'4wd{sf]
k|f/De x'G5 . To;}n] a'4wd{ dfq jf:tjdf ljZjwd{ xf] . lsg
eg] o;n] k|To]s dfgjl;t ;DalGwt b'Mv / To;nfO{ s;/L
TofUg] eGg] s'/fdf leq;Dd k|j]z u/]sf] 5 .
k|Zg M bf];|f] cfo{ ;To s'g xf] <
pQ/ M …;a} b'Mv t[i0ffsf] sf/0fn] g} k}bf x'G5Ú eGg] s'/f bf];|f]
cfo { ;To xf ] . olb xfdLx¿n ] dfgl;s bM' vnfO { x¥] of +} eg]
t[i0ffsf] sf/0fn] of] s;/L x'G5 eGg] s'/f x]g{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
ha xfdLx¿ sg' } s/' fsf ] rfxgf u5f {+} To;an] f To;nfO { kfpg
;sg] f “} eg ] c;Gti' 6 ePsf ] yfxf kfp5“ f +} . ha s;nfO { cfkmn" ]
cfzf u/;] Dd afr“ f;] \ eGg ] xfdL cfzf /fVb5f “} kl5 To:tf]
ePg eg ] c;xfo / lg/fz ePsf ] cge' j u5f “{} . ha xfdLx¿nfO{
c¿n ] dg k/fpg \ eGg ] rfxG5f +} t/ pgLx¿n ] To;f ] ubg{} g \ eg]
cfkmd" fly cf3ft k/s] f ] cge' j u5f {+} . slxn ] sfx“ L xfdLn ] sx] L
s/' fsf ] rfxgf u5f “{} / kf| Kt ug { ;Sof “} eg ] klg To;n ] ;v' sf]
af6f]df 8f]¥ofpg ;Sb}g lsg ls w]/} ;do glaTb} Tof] a:t'
xfd|f] lgldQ lg/; ePsf] cfefif x'G5 To;k|lt df]x x6]/ hfG5
/ c¿ g} a:t'sf] rfxgflt/ dg bf}l8;s]sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{
;lhnf] lsl;dn] eGg] xf] eg] xfdLn] OR5f u/]sf j:t' kfp“bf
klg To;n ] ;v' lbG5 eGg ] sg' } e/f;] f xb“' g} eGg ' g } bf;] f| ]
cfo{;Tosf] egfO xf] . nuftf/ cfkm"n] rfx]sf a:t'x¿ k|fKt
ug{df ;+3if{ ul//xg' eGbf klg cfºgf OR5fnfO{ ;dofg's"n
9fNg] sf]lzz u/ . rfxgfn] xfdLx¿nfO{ ;+t'i6L / ;'vaf6
6f9f n}hfG5 .
k|Zg M rfxgf / t[i0ffn] zf/Ll/s b'Mvlt/ s;/L n}hfG5 <
pQ/ M o:tf ] ug {] To:tf ] ug {] eGg ] hLjg e/sf ] rfxgf / ti[ 0ffn]
vf; u/L t[i0ff a9\b} uP kl5 Pp6f o:tf] zlQmsf] ;[hgf u5{
h;sf ] sf/0f dflg;n ] kg' hG{ d lng ' kg {] xG' 5 . ha xfdL kml] /
20 a$' wds{ f dfl} ns l;$fGtx? k|Zgf]Q/ 21
hGdG5f,“} xfdf| ] z/L/ xG' 5 clg xfdLn ] cl3 g } elgxfNof “} ls
z/L/df ;lhn} 3fprf]6, /f]uAoflw nfUb5, sfdn] of] lzlyn
x'g;S5, of] a'l9+b} hfG5 / cGtdf d[To' x'G5 . o;sf/0f t[i0ffn]
zf/Ll/s b'Mvsf] af6f]df 8f]¥ofp“5 lsgeg] o;n] xfdLnfO{
kg' hG{ d lngk' g {] u/fp5“ .
k|Zg M tL ;a} g} 7Ls 5g\ . t/ olb xfdLn] Ps};fy rfxgfsf]
nufd aGb u¥of “} eg ] slxNo } klg sx] Lklg kf| Kt ug { ;Sbg} f “} .
pQ/ M ;To xf] . t/ a'4n] s] pkb]z lbg'ePsf] 5 eg] ha
xfd|f] OR5f, t[i0ff, cfkm";“u h] 5 To;af6 nuftf/ x'g] xfd|f]
c;Gtl' i6 clg xfdLx¿sf ] cem w/] } w/] } kf| Kt ug {] OR5fn ] xfdLnfO{
bM' v xG' 5 eg ] o:tf ] sfo { ug {] s/' faf6 xfdL /fl] sgk' 5 { . pxfn“ ]
xfdLx¿nfO{ eGg'x'G5 ls xfdLnfO{ s] cfjZos 5 / xfdL s]
rfxG5f +} 56' o\ fpg ' / xfdLx¿sf ] cfjZostfsf ] nflu sfl] zz
ug {" clg cfºgf ] rfxgfnfO { ;fx] L cg¿' k ljrf/ ug {" . pxf“
eGg'x'G5 sL xfdLx¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f x'g ;St5, t/ xfd|f
rfxgfx¿ eg] ;tx gePsf] vf8n h:tf] . c;Lldt 5g\, s'g}
s'g} geO gx'g] cfjZostf 5g\, df}lns 5g\ / k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 clg o;sf ] kf| lKtsf nflu sfd ugk{' 5 { . o;eGbf
afx]ssf OR5fx¿ lj:tf/} lj:tf/} 36fP/ nfg'kb{5 . cflv/df hLjgsf]
p2Z] o s ] xf ] / < OlR5t j:t ' kf| Kt ug {' cyjf ;Gti' 6 xg' ' / ;v' L xg' '
xf] .
kZ| g M tkfOn{ ] kg' hG{ Hdsf ] s/' f uge{' of ] t/ To:tf ] xG' 5 eGg ] sg' }
k|df0f 5 / <
pQ/ M o:tf s'/f x'G5g\ eGg] k|z:t k|df0fx¿ 5g\ t/ o;
;DaGwdf lj:tt[ ¿kdf kl5 xg] 5{] f +} .
k|Zg– t];|f] cfo{ ;To s'g xf] <
pQ/– b'MvnfO{ lhTg ;lsG5 / ;'v k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] t];|f]
cfo{ ;To xf] . rf/ cfo{;Tox¿ dWo] oxL g} ;a}eGbf dxOEjk"0f{
xf] lsg ls o;}df a'4n] k'glj{Zjf; lbnfpg' ePsf] 5 ls
jf:tljs ;'v / ;Gt'li6 o;}df ;Dej 5 . ha xfdL sfd
gnfUg ] ti[ 0ffnfO { TofUb5f +} / kT| os] lbgsf ] x/ kn cl:y/
rfxgfx¿ ljgf g } ;v' L ;fy afR“ g l;S5f +} / wo} s{ f ;fy hLjg
qf; lagf 3[0ff / /L; ljgf ;d:ofx¿ em]Nb} hLjgn] lbg]
cge' jx¿ lnb“ } afR“ g l;S5f +} ta xfdL vz' L / :jtGq xg' 5] f +} .
clg To;an] f dfq xfdL k0" f { hLjglgjfx{ ug { ;S5f +} . lsgeg]
xfdLnfO { xfdf| ] :jfyL { rfxgfn ] ;Gti' 6 ug {] lrGtfaf6 u:| t ug{
5fl] 8;ss] f ] xG' 5 ta xfdLn ] c¿nfO { ;xofu] ug {] / pgLx¿sf]
cfjZos k/" f ug {] w/] } ;do kfpb“ 5f +} . o; } cj:yfnfO { lgjf0{ f
elgG5 . xfdLx¿ dfgl;s bM' vaf6 klg dl' Qm kfpb“ 5f +} . o;n} fO{
clGtd lgjf{0f elgG5 .
k|Zg M lgjf{0f s] xf] / sxf“ 5 <
22 a$' wds{ f dfl} ns l;$fGtx? k|Zgf]Q/ 23
pQ/ M of] Pp6f ;do / cfsfzeGbf klg k5fl8sf] cfotg
xf ] . o;s} f/0f o; ljifodf s/' fsflg ug {' jf ;fR] g ' klg ufxf| ]
5 . ;do, cfsfz / cfotgsf] ljifo dfq eGg] zAbx¿ 5g\
jf ljrf/ ug{ ;'xfp“5g\ . t/ lsgeg] lgjf{0f eg]sf] sfneGbf
kl/ k/ ePsf]n] To;df ult 5}g . o;sf/0f ;dodf a"9f] x'g]
jf dg {] eGg ] g } xb“' g} . To;sf/0f lgjf0{ f egs] f ] cgGt xf]
lsgls of] cfsfzeGbf klg ljzfn ePsf]n] o;df s'g} x]t'
5}g, s'g} ;Ldf 5}g, cfTdkgsf] l;4fGt 5}g / cgfTd 5 .
o;sf/0f lgjf{0f cgGt / z"Go 5 . a'4n] xfdLx¿nfO{ ljZjf;
lbnfpg' ePsf] 5 ls lgjf{0f eg]sf] Pp6f cgGt ;'vsf] cg'ej
xf] . pxf“ eGg'x'G5–
lgAaf0f+ k/d+ ;'v+ .
ælgjf{0f eg]sf] dxf;'v xf] .Æ
wDdkb @)$
k|Zg– t/ s] o:tf] cj:yfsf] cl:tTj 5 eGg] To:tf] s]xL k|df0f 5 <
pQ/– 5}g . To:tf] s]xL 5}g . t/ o;sf] cl:tTj 5 eGg] s'/f
lgisif{df Nofpg ;lsG5 . olb Toxf“ Pp6f cfotg 5 hxf“
;do / cfsfznfO{ rfNg ;lsG5 ta Toxf“ To:tf] cfotgo'Qm
;;+ f/df eg ] xfdLx¿ of ] lgisif { lgsfNg ;Sb5f +} ls oxf “ Pp6f
cfotg 5 hxf“ ;do / cfsfznfO{ rnfpg ;lsGg Tof] xf]
lgjf{0f . xfdLx¿n] k|dfl0ft ug{ g;s]klg lgjf{0fsf] cl:tOEj
5 . xfdLx¿df o;sf] cl:tOEj 5 eGg] a'4 jrg klg 5 .
a'4n] pkb]z lbg' ePsf] 5–
æToxf“ Pp6f hGd gePsf], gagfOPsf], ;dL>0f
gul/Psf] s'/f 5 . olb To:tf] 5}g eg] of] hGd gePsf],
gagfOPsf], gldl;Psf] cj:yfdf hlGdg], x'g], agfOg],
;ld>0faf6 6f9f x'g] agfpg ;lsGg / 5'6sf/f kfpg ;lsGg .
t/ Toxf“ o:tf] hGd gePsf], gagfOPsf], gldl>t cj:yf
ePsf]n] g} hGd eP/ cfpg], agfOg] / ;ld>0f ul/g]af6 6f9f
x'g] s'/f yfxf lbPsf] xf] .Æ
UD 80
o;nfO { ta xfdL yfxf kfp5“ f +} ha kf| Kt u5f +{} . To;
;do;Dd cfkm } lg/Gt/ cEof; ul//xg ;S5f +} .
v
3= a'$wd{ / O{Zj/jfb
k|Zg– s] af}4x¿ O{Zj/df ljZjf; ub{5g\ <
pQ/– xfO] g, xfdL ubg{} f } . o;df w/] } sf/0fx¿ 5g \ . a4' n]
cfw'lgs ;dfhzf:qL tyf dgf]j}1flgsn] h:t} wfld{s efjgfx¿
ljz]if u/L O{Zj/jfb 8/–qf;af6 ;[li6 x'G5 eGg] ljZjf;
ugx{' G' Yof ] . a4' eGgx' G' 5–
æeon] u|:t ePkl5 dflg;x¿ kljq lxdfnodf, kljq
pBfgx¿df, kljq a[Ifx¿ / b]j:ynx¿df hfG5g\ .Æ
DP 188
cflbjf;Lx¿n] vt/gfs tyf cd}qLk"0f{ ;+;f/df ;f/f
h+unL hGt'x¿sf] eoo'Qm cfkm"nfO{ k'Ug] k|z:t cfxf/f vf]Hg
3fprf]6 cyjf /f]uAoflw, lg/Gt/ ah|kft, r6\ofË /
Hjfnfd'vLsf] ljikmf]6 h:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]kx¿sf] ;fdgf u/] .
cfkm"nfO{ c;'/lIft kfP/ O{Zj/sf] efjgf ;[hgf ug{ yfn] tfls
/fd|f lbgx¿df cf/fd kfpg ;lsof];\, vt/fsf] ;dodf ;fx;
24 a$' wd { / OZ{ j/jfb
cfcf;] \ / cfºgf ] sfd laus]| f ] an] fdf ;fGTjgf ldnf;] \ . cfh;Dd
klg tkfOn+{ ] yfxf kfpg ' ePsf ] xfn] f ls ;s+ 6 k/s] f ] an] f
dflg;x¿ a9L wdd{ f sl] Gbt| bl] vG5g \ / hLjg lgjfx{ ug {] an] f
O{Zj/df ljZjf; /fVgfn] O{Zj/n] an k|bfg ub{5g\ eGg] aofg
;'lgG5 . pgLx¿n] Pp6f ljz]if O{Zj/dfly ljZjf; u/]sf]
;l' gG5 . lsgeg ] cfjZos k/s] f ] an] f cf/fwgf ubf { pgLx¿sf]
k|fy{gf cg';f/ kmn ldn]sf] lyof] . oL s'/Fx¿n] a'4sf] pkb]znfO{
;dy{g u/]sf] b]lvG5 ls eo / c;Gt'li6sf] a]nfdf O{Zj/k|ltsf]
efjgf k|s6 x'G5 . cfºgf] eonfO{ a'‰g' kb{5, cfºgf] OR5f
sd ugk{' 5 { / cfkmn" ] abNg g;lsg ] s/' fx¿nfO { rk" rfk tyf
;fx;Ls 9u+ af6 :jLsf/ ugk{' 5 { eGg ] pkbz] a4' n ] xfdLnfO{
lbg'ePsf] 5 . pxf“n] eonfO{ cljj]sk"0f{ ljZjf;eGbf ljj]sk"0f{
;dembf/Ldf abNg'ePsf] 5 .
a4' n ] OZ{ j/sf ] ljZjf; gug {' ePsf ] bf;] f| ] sf/0f of ] xf]
ls o; ljrf/sf] ;dy{gnfO{ 6]jf lbg] s'g} klg k|df0fx¿ k|fKt
ePsf b]lv“b}gg\ . wd{ w]/} k|sf/sf 5g\ . ;a}n] cfºgf] kljq
wfld{s k':tsdf dfq O{Zj/sf jfSox¿ ;';+lrt 5g\, pgLx¿n]
dfq O{Zj/sf] :jefj a'‰g ;s]sf 5g\, pgLx¿sf] wd{df O{Zj/
ePsf] / c¿sf] wd{df O{Zj/ gePsf] bfaL ub{5g\ . s;}–s;}n]
O{Zj/ k'¿if ePsf] s;}n] pgnfO{ :qL:j¿k / s;}n] peolnËL
ePsf] bfjL ub{5g\ . ltgLx¿ ;a} cf–cfºgf O{Zj/sf] cl:tTj
k|Zgf]Q/ 25
ePsf ] kd| fl0ft ug {] kz| :t kd| f0fx¿ ePsfd] f ;a } ;Gti' 6
5g \ . t/ c¿ wdx{ ¿df cs {} OZ{ j/sf ] cl:tTj 5 eGg ] kd| fl0ft
ug {] kd| f0fx¿df eg ] cljZjf; u/L pgLx¿ kl| t xf:“ g ] ub5{ g \ .
Tolt w]/} ljleGg wd{x¿n] cfºgf] O{Zj/sf] cl:tTj k|dfl0ft
ug {] Tolt w/] } ztfAbLx¿ latfpb“ f klg cem;Dd sg' } ;To,
7f];, ;f/k"0f{ cyjf em"7f] k|dfl0ft ug{ g;lsg] k|df0fx¿ kfpg
g;Sg' of] s] cfZro{sf] s'/f xf]Og / < To:tf k|df0fx¿ cufl8
gcfP;Dd af}4x¿n] o; ljifodf cfºgf lg0f{onfO{ :ylut
ub{5g\ .
a'4n] O{Zj/df ljZjf; gu/]sf] t];|f] sf/0f– ljZjf;
cfjZos 5}g eGg] xf] . a|Dxf08sf] ;[li6sf] j0f{g ug{sf] nflu
Pp6f O{Zj/df ljZjf; /fVg' cfjZos 5 egL s;} s;}n] bfjL
u5{g\ t/ o;f] xf]Og . lj1fgn] O{Zj/jfbsf] ljrf/ cufl8
g/flvsg g} a|Dxf08sf] ;[li6 s;/L ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f]
;a}nfO{ lrQ a'‰bf] lsl;dn] j0f{g u¥of] . s;} s;}n] ;'vL
tyf cy{k"0f{ hLjgsf] lgldQ O{Zj/df ljZjf; x'g' cfjZos 5
eGg ] bfjL u5g{ \ . o;f ] xfO] g eg/] kml] / klg xfdL eGg ;S5f +} .
af4} x¿sf ] t s ] s/' f oxf “ nfvfs+} f ] ;V+ ofdf cfl:ts tyf :jtGq
ljrf/sx¿ klg 5g\ hf] O{Zj/sf] ljZjf; lagf g} pkof]uL,
;'vL tyf cy{k"0f{ hLjg lgjf{x ul//x]sf 5g\ . s;} s;}n]
dflg; sdhf/] ePsfn] ] cfºgf ] d2t cfkmn} ] ug {] zlQm gePsfn] ]
O{Zj/sf] zlQm cfjZos 5 eGg] bfjL u/]sf 5g\ . km]l/ klg
o; k|df0fn] pN6f]lt/ s]lGb|t ub{5 / b]vfp“b5 . O{Zj/df
ljZjf; gul/sg g} cfºgf cfGtl/s ;|f]tx¿ / ltgLx¿sf]
cfºgf] k|of;af6 g} 7"N7"nf c;dy{tf, eo, 7"n7"nf ck;s'g
tyf sl7gfOx¿ kf/ u/]sf dflg;x¿af6 w]/} h;f] ;'lgG5 .
s;} s;}n] dflg;sf] d'lQmsf] nflu O{Zj/sf] cfjZostf ePsf]
7fGb5g\ . olb d'lQmsf] wfld{s l;4fGt :jLsf/ u/]df dfq of]
ts { sfdofjL xG' 5 t/ af4} x¿ o:tf ] l;4fGt :jLsf/ ubg{} g \ .
cfºg} cg'ejsf] cfwf/df a'4n] b]Vg'eof] ls k|To]s dflg;;“u
dg z4' ug,{] c;Ld bof / s¿0ffsf ] ljsf; tyf oyfy { afw]
ug {] Ifdtf 5 . p;n ] cfºgf ] Wofg :jua{ f6 xb[ odf tfGof ] /
cfTdafw] af6 cfºgf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug {] ;fx; xfdLx¿nfO{
lbof] .
k|Zg– olb O{Zj/ g} gePsf] eP a|Dxf08 s;/L eof] <
pQ/ M ;a} wd{x¿sf cfºg} k/Dk/f / syfx¿ 5g\ h;n] o;
k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg]5g\ . k|frLgsfndf dflg;x¿n] yfxf gkfPsf]
sf/0fn ] To:tf kf/} fl0fs syfx¿ g } kz| :t lyP . t/ aL;f+}
ztfAbLdf ef}lts zf:q, gIfq lj1fg / k[YjL lj1fgsf] o'udf
To:tf kf}/fl0fs syfx¿nfO{ j}1flgs tYox¿n] pl5g] . lj1fgn]
a|Dxf08sf] ;[li6af/] O{Zj/ efjgfdf gnfu]/ g} j0f{g u/]sf] 5 .
26 a$' wd { / OZ{ j/jfb k|Zgf]Q/ 27
k|Zg M a|Dxf08sf] pTklQaf/] a'4n] s] eGg'ePsf] 5 <
pQ/ M a4' n ] aD| xf08sf ] pTklQaf/ ] ug {' ePsf ] JofVof j1} flgs
b[li6sf]0fdf ax't} glhs ePsf] / cToGt rfv nfUbf] 5 .
cU~` ;Q' df a4' n ] ljZjsf ] gfz ePsf ] / nfvf +} jifs{ f ] ;dodf
kg' M jtd{ fg cj:yfdf kf| be' fj{ ePsf ] s/' f j0fg{ uge{' Psf ] 5 .
kfgLsf] ;txdf klxnf] hLjfTdfsf] kl/jt{g / km]l/ c;+Vo nfv
jif{df ;/n 9+uaf6 c;fwf/0f hLjfTdfsf] k|fb'ef{j x'G5 . oL
;a} ljlwx¿ z'¿ / cGTo ljgfsf x'g\ / k|fs[lts sf/0fx¿af6
cl:y/ 5g\ .
kZ| g M tkfO +{ eGgx' G' 5 ls OZ{ j/sf ] cl:tTjsf ] sg' } kd| f0fx¿ g}
5}gg\ . t/ cgf}7f 36gfx¿af/] s] ljrf/ 5 t <
pQ/ M oxf“ cgf}7f 36gfx¿ 36\g' g} O{Zj/sf] cl:tTjsf] k|df0f
xf ] egL ljZjf; ugx{] ¿ w/] } g } 5g \ . /fu] r§ } lgsf ] eof ] egL
Psbd } bfaL u/s] f ] s/' f t xfdL ;G' b5f +} . t/ Pshgf 8fS6/ jf
;hg{ sf ] Pp6f :jtGq kd| f0f eg ] slxNo } klg kfpb“ g} f +} . xfdLn]
kmnfgf] eo+s/ vt/faf6 cgf}7f] 9+un] aRof] /] eGg] c¿x¿af6
;G' b5f +} t/ jf:tjdf s ] ePsf ] lyof ] eGg ] bV] gs] f ] aofg slxNo}
kfpb“ g} f +} . xfdLx¿n ] kf| yg{ f ubf { /fu] Lsf ] z/L/df zlQm kb| fg
eof] jf Pp6f sfd gnfUg] ePsf] c+udf an cfP/ k"g{ lgsf]
eof ] eGg ] xNnf ;G' b5f +} . t/ xfdLx¿n ] slxNo } klg PS;/]
xb] g{} f } jf 8fS6/ jf g;s{ f ] l6Kk0fL ;G' bg} f } . To; } To; } Psbd}
bfjL ug,{] c¿x¿af6 ;G' g ] / xNnfx¿ 7f;] kd| f0f ljgf lng
;lsGg, cgf}7f 36gfx¿sf] 7f]; k|df0f b'n{e k|foM x'G5 . t}klg,
slxn] sf“xL j0f{g gul/Psf] s'/f x'g ;Sb5 . cfzf gul/Psf]
36gf 36g\ ;Sb5 t/ To:tf s/' fx¿ j0fg{ ug {] xfdLx¿sf]
c;dyt{ fn ] OZ{ j/sf ] cl:tTj 5 eGg ] kd| fl0ft ubg{} . o;n]
xfdLx¿df 1fg cem} ck'/f] 5 eGg] dfq k|dfl0ft ub{5 .
cfw'lgs cf}iflwlj1fgsf] ljsf; x'g'eGbf klxn] ha dflg;x¿nfO{
;hfo“ lbg O{Zj/n] /f]unfO{ k7fOlbPsf] xf] eGg] ljZjf; ub{y] .
cfhef]ln /f]u s;/L nfUb5 eGg] s'/f xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 / /f]u
nfus] f ] an] fdf cfi} flwsf ] ;j] g ub5{ f +} . ha xfdLx¿nfO { o;
;+;f/sf] k"/f 1fg x'G5 To;a]nf j0f{g gul/Psf 36gfx¿ s]
sf/0fn ] xG' 5g \ eGg ] s/' f a‰' g ;dy { xg' 5] f +} h;/L cfhefl] n
xfdLx¿n] /f]u s;/L nfUbf] /x]5 eGg] hfGb5f} .
k|Zg M t/ TolQsf dflg;x¿n] O{Zj/sf] Ps g Ps ¿kdf
ljZjf; ub{5g\ . of] t ;To g} x'g'k5{ <
pQ/ M To;f] xf]Og . To:tf] klg ;do lyof] . ha k|To]sn]
k[YjL r]K6f] 5 eGg] ljZjf; ub{y] . t/ ltgLx¿ ;a} unt
lyP . slt hgf dflg;x¿n] To; s'/fnfO{ ljZjf; ub{5g\
eGg] s'/f jf ljrf/n] ;Totf jf c;TotfnfO{ gfKg ;lsb}g .
28 a$' wd { / OZ{ j/jfb k|Zgf]Q/ 29
s'g} s'/f jf ljrf/ ;To xf] jf em"7f] xf] eGg] s'/f xfdLx¿n]
eGg ;Sg] Pp6f pkfo jf af6f] xf]– jf:tljs 36gfnfO{ tyf
kd| f0fx¿nfO { sn] fP/ xg] {' .
kZ| g M olb af4} x¿n ] OZ{ j/dfly ljZjf; ubg{} g \ eg ] s ] df
ljZjf; u5{g\ t <
pQ/ M xfdL OZ{ j/df ljZjf; ubg{} f +} lsgeg ] xfdL dflg;df
ljZjf; ub{5f}+ . k|To]s dfgj cd"No / dxOEjk"0f{ 5 eGg]
ljZjf; ub5{ f +} lsg ls ;ad} f ;j1{ tf a4' OEjsf ] ljsf; ug{]
Ifdtf 5 . xfdL ljZjf; ub{5f}+ ls dflg;n] c1fgtf /
cljj]sLkgnfO{ x6fpg ;S5 / ;a} s'/fx¿nfO{ oyfy{ ¿kdf
xg] { ;S5 . xfdL ljZjf; ub5{ f +} ls 30[ ff, /L;, åi] f Oi{ ofn{ fO{
dfof, w}o{, pbf/tf / bofn'kgn] abNg ;lsG5 . a'4sf] k|fltxfo{sf]
k/]| 0ffn ] / af4} cgo' foLx¿sf ] lgbz{] g tyf ;xofu] df dflg;n]
sf]zL; u/]df oL ;a} s'/fx¿nfO{ cfºgf] xftdf kfg{ ;lsG5
eGg ] ljZjf; ub5{ f +} .
cfkm}n] afx]s xfdLnfO{ s;}n] arfp“b}g . g arfpg
;S5 g arfp“5 g} . xfdL cfkm}n] af6f]df lx+8\g' kb{5 . a'4n]
af6f] ;kmf;“u b]vfpg' ePsf] 5 .
wDdkb !^%
v
30 a$' wd { / OZ{ j/jfb 31
4= k~rzLn
k|Zg M c¿ wd{x¿df s'g 7Ls 5 s'g unt 5 eGg] s'/f O{Zj/
jf O{Zj/x¿sf] jf0fLaf6 lnOG5 . af}4x¿ O{Zj/df ljZjf;
ub}{gg\ To;sf/0f s'g 7Ls s'g a]7Ls eGg] s'/f s;/L yfxf
kfpg' x'G5 <
pQ/ M nf]e, 3[0ff tyf e|daf6 pAh]sf] s'g} klg ljrf/, efif0f
cyjf sfox{ ¿ lgjf0{ fdfua{ f6 6f9f nfg ] xb“' f oL v/fa 5g \ /
sg' } klg ljrf/x¿, efif0f cyjf sfox{ ¿ bfg, kd]| / 1fgaf6
pAHof ] eg ] lgjf0{ fdfu { :jR5 kfgd{ f d2t ug {] xb“' f oL c;n
5g\ .
O{Zj/df s]lGb|t wd{x¿df s'g 7Ls 5 / s'g unt 5
eGg ] s/' f yfxfkfpg tkfOx+{ ¿nfO { h ] elgPsf ] 5 ;f ] ug {] sfz] Lz
ugk{' b5{ , t/ a4' wd { h:t } dfgj sl] Gbt| wdx{ ¿df eg ] s ] 7Ls
5 s] 7Ls 5}g eGg] yfxf kfpg cfkm} ;r]t / cfkm}n] a'‰g
;Sg ] ;fr] fOsf ] ljsf; ugk{' 5 { . 1fg / ljjs] df cfwfl/t Jojxf/
x's'dsf] k|ltpQ/df ul/Psf] Jojxf/eGbf alnof] x'G5 . To;}n]
k|Zgf]Q/
32 33
s] 7Ls s] a]7Ls eGg] yfxf kfpg af}4x¿n] tLgj6f s'/fx¿df
ljrf/ k¥' ofpg ] 5g–\ dg;fo, cfkmd} f kg {] To; sfos{ f ] ke| fj
/ c¿x¿df kg {] sfos{ f ] ke| fj . olb dg;fo c;n 5 eg ] -
bfg, kd]| / 1fgdf cfwfl/t_ olb o;n ] cfkmn} fO { d2t u5 { eg]
-dnfO{ w]/} bfgL x'g] ;xof]u u5{, w]/} dfofn' / 1fgL_ / c¿nfO{
;xof]u u5{ eg] -pgLx¿nfO{ w]/} bfgL x'g d2t u5{, w]/}
dfofn' agfp“5 / w]/} 1fgL x'G5_ ta d}n] u/]sf ;a} sfo{x¿
k"0f{, c;n tyf g}lts x'G5g\ . x'g t o;df w]/} g} cGt/x¿
5g \ . slxn ] sfx“ L d ;a } eGbf c;n dg;foaf6 sfd u5 {' t/
of] cfkm}nfO{ jf c¿nfO{ nfesf/L x'g g;Snf < slxn] sf“xL
d]/f] dg;fo c;n x'g'af6 w]/} 6f9f xf]nf t/ d]/f sfo{x¿n]
c¿x¿nfO { sd;s] d ;xofu] unfg{ \ . slxn ] sfx“ L d /fd}|
dg;fon] sfo{ u¿“nf / d]/f] sfo{n] dnfO{ ;xof]u klg b]nf
t/ o;n] ;fob c¿x¿nfO{ s]xL b'Mv xf]nf . o:tf] cj:yfdf
d]/f sfo{x¿ ldl>t x'G5g\ – Pp6f c;n / Toltsf] c;n
gePsf] ld>0f ha dg;fox¿ v/fa x'G5g\ / Tof] sfo{n] g t
dnfO{ d2t k'¥ofp“5 g t c¿nfO{ d2t lbG5 eg] To:tf] sfo{
v/fa xf] . clg ha dg;fo /fd|f] x'G5 / d]/f] sfo{n] cfkm" /
c¿ b'a}nfO{ nfesf/L x'G5 eg] Tof] sfo{ k"0f{¿kdf c;n 5 .
k|Zg M To;f] eP s] a'4wd{df -g}ltstfsf] lgod_ ljgo 5 t <
pQ/ M 5, cjZo klg 5 . k~rzLn g} af}4 ljgosf] cfwf/
xf] . klxnf] zLn xf]– k|f0fL xTofaf6 6f9f x'g' jf hLljt k|f0fLnfO{
rf]6 gk'¥ofpg' . bf];|f] xf]– rf]/Laf6 6f9f x'g', t];|f] xf]–
Jolerf/af6 6f9f x'g', rf}yf] xf]– em"7f] af]Ng'af6 6f9f /xg' /
kf“rf} xf]– dBkfg tyf c¿ nfu" kbfy{sf] ;]jgaf6 6f9f /xg' .
kZ| g M t/ slxn ] sfx“ L dfg {' klg c;n xG' 5 . pbfx/0fsf ] nflu
/fu] kmn} fpg ] ls6f0fx' ¿nfO { dfg {' jf To;nfO { h;n ] tkfOn+{ fO { g}
dfg5{] . xfO] g / <
pQ/ M tkfOn+{ fO { of ] s/' f /fdf| ] nfUg ;S5 t/ Tof ] a:t ' jf
k|f0fLnfO{ s:tf] nfUnf < ltgLx¿ klg tkfO{+ h:t} hLjg
rfxG5g \ . ha tkfO +{ /fu] kmn} fpg ] sL/f dfg {] lg0fo{ lngx' G' 5 .
ta tkfO{+sf] dg;fo ;fob cfkm}l;t ;DalGwt -c;n_ /
t'¿Gt b]vfPsf] k|ltlqmof -v/fa_ sf] Pp6f ld>0f xf]nf . To;
sfon{ ] tkfO +{ cfkmn} fO { nfesf/L xfn] f -c;n_ t/ To; sL6f0fn' fO{
eg] cjZo klg nfesf/L x'g] 5}g . To;sf/0f slxn] sf“xL
dfg {' kg {] cfjZos xfn] f . t/ o;f ] ug {' k0" ft{ of slxNo } klg
/fd|f] x'g] 5}g .
kZ| g M tkfO +{ af4} x¿ sldnf / p8;' x¿;Dd klg w/] } g } Vofn
/fVg' x'G5 .
k~rzLn k|Zgf]Q/
34 35
pQ/ M af}4x¿ s'g} klg e]befj ljgf ;a}nfO{ ;d]6]/ s¿0ffsf]
ljsf; ug {] sfod{ f bQlrQ xG' 5g \ . ltgLx¿n ] o; ;;+ f/nfO{
g} Pp6f k"0f{ Pstfdf cfa4 b]Vb5g\ hxf“ k|To]s a:t' tyf
hLjfTdfx¿sf] cfºg} :yfg / sfo{x¿ 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] k|s[ltsf]
;'dw'/ ;Gt'ngnfO{ laufg'{ jf gfz ug'{ eGbf klxn] cfkm"
Psbd} xf]lzof/ x'g' kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVb5g\ . xfd|f]
To:tf ] ;:+ sl[ tnfO { x/] f +} t hg' ks| l[ tnfO { ;s;] Dd a9L zfi] f0f
ugl{] t/ hf8] lbOPsf ] bl] vG5 . sx] L klg afs“ L g/flvsg clGtd
yfk] f ;Dd lgrf/[] /] lng ] . o;dfly ljho / bdg ug {] cflb
h:tf sf]k k|s[ltn] b]vfpg yfNof] . xfjf klg ljiffSt x'g
yfNof], vf]nf gfnf b"lift eO{ ;'s]/ uP . TolQsf w]/} ;'Gb/
hgfj/x¿ b'n{e x'“b}5g\ . xl/ofnL kxf8sf eL/x¿ phf8
eP/ lvO“b} uP . xfjfkfgL g} klg abln/x]5 . olb dflg;x¿
df:g,] gfz ug {] / dfg {] sfddf clnslt sd dfqfdf dfq
pT;'s ePsf eP klg o:tf] eo+s/ cj:yfsf] ;[hgf g} x'g]
lyPg xf]nf . xfdLx¿ ;a}n] hLjgnfO{ cln a9L dfqfdf cfb/
;Tsf/sf ] ljsf;ug {] af6fl] t/ nufpg ' kb5{ .
k|Zg M em"7f] af]Ng] af/] s] 5 t < s] em"7f] gaf]lnsg af“Rg
;Dej 5 t <
pQ/ M olb em"7f] gaf]lnsg ;dfhdf jf Jojxf/df a:g ;f“Rr}
k~rzLn k|Zgf]Q/
g} c;Dej 5 eg] To:tf] b'MvbfoL tyf e|i6 cj:yfsf]
jftfj/0fnfO { g } kl/jtg{ ug {' kb5{ . af4} x¿ To:tf xg' \ h;n]
a9L ;To / ljZjfl;nf ] xg' ] sfz] Lz ub {} ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg
ug {] / a9L ; ] a9L oyfy { xg' ] kl| t1f lnG5g \ .
k|Zg M 7Ls 5, dfbs kbfy{sf] af/]df s] 5 t < sd dfqfdf ;]jg
u¥of ] eg ] t xfgL ubg{} xfn] f <
pQ/ M dflg;x¿ :jfbsf ] nflu dfbs kbfy { ;j] g ubg{} g \ .
ha ltgLx¿ PSn} lkp“5g t Tof] cfºgf] tgfj / lrGtfx¿af6
5'6sf/f kfpgsf] nflu lkp“5g\ . t/ ha ;fd"lxs ¿kdf lkp“5g\
eg ] To;n ] ;j] g ug {] afgL a;fN5 . clnslt dfqfdf ePklg
dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg ugf{n] cfºgf] r]tgfdf wSsf nfU5 / cfkm"
;r]t /xgdf afwf k'¥ofp“b5 . w]/} dfqfdf ;]jg u¥of] eg] t
To;sf] k|efj eo+s/ gfzjfg\ g} x'g]5 .
k|Zg M t/ Psbd} sd dfqfdf lkpg' Ps ;fdfGo s'/f] xf] . o;/L
yf/] } lkpb“ f zLn eË xb“' g} xfn] f, xG' 5 / <
pQ/ M xf,] of ] t ;fgf ] s/' fd] fq xf ] . olb ;fgf ] s/' f ] klg t tkfO+{
cEof; ug { ;Sg ' xG' g eg ] tkfOs+{ f ] nugzLntf / kl| t1f
cjZo klg v's'nf] x'g]5, xf]Og / <
kZ| g M k~rzLn gsf/fTds 5 . To;n ] s ] s ] ug {' xb“' g} eGg]
36 37
s/' f atfp5“ . t/ s ] s ] ug {' xG' 5 eGg ] s/' f ] atfpb“ g} g \ . s ] of]
;f“rf] xf] <
pQ/ M k~rzLn af}4 ljgosf cfwf/x¿ x'g\ . Toltdfq g} ;a}
xfO] gg \ . xfdLx¿n ] cfºgf v/fa cfr/0fx¿ kQf nufpb“ } hfG5f+}
/ To:tf ] uga{ f6 /fl] sg ] -aRg] sfz] Lz u5f +{} . o;s} f ] nflu g}
k~rzLn cfjZos ePsf] xf] . v/fa sfd ug{ 5f]8]kl5 c;n
sfou{ g { z¿' u5f +{} . pbfx/0fsf ] nflu Ps k;| u+ lncf +} . a4'
eGgx' G' 5 ls– xfdLx¿n ] em7" f ] afN] ga' f6 6f9f /xg z¿' ugk{' b5{ .
To;kl5 xfdLx¿n] ;To af]Ng'kb{5 . lj:tf/} gd| eP/ af]Ng'kb{5
/ 7Ls ;dodf af]Ng'kb{5 . pxf“ eGg' x'G5–
æem7" f ] afN] g 5f8] o\ f ] eg ] pm ;fr“ f,] e/kbf,{] ljZjfl;nf,]
kTofp“bf] s'/f af]Ng] x'G5 . p;n] ljZjnfO{ 5sfp“b}g . sk6k"0f{
af]nL af]Ng 5f]8\of] eg] p;n] otf ;'g]sf] s'/f ptf bf]xf]¥ofpg]
5}g gt dflg;x¿sf aLrdf e]befj Nofpg] vfnsf] ptf
;'g]sf] s'/f g} otf Nofpg] 5 . p;n] d]n gePsfx¿nfO{
ldnfO lbg]5 / b'a} ;fyLx¿nfO{ emg\ glhsdf NofOlbg]5 .
;dfgtf g} p;sf] v'zL xf] . ;dfgtf g} p;sf] cfgGb xf] .
;dfgtf g} p;sf] dfof xf] . oxL g} p;sf] af]nLsf] d'Vo Wo]o
xf] . ss{z af]ln TofUgfn] p;sf] af]nL bf]if/lxt x'G5, ;'Ggsf]
nflu dw'/ x'G5, :jLsf/ of]Uo x'G5, leq Xbo;Dd k'Ub5, gd|
k~rzLn k|Zgf]Q/
x'G5 / ;a}n] dg k/fp“b5g\ . asjf; ug{ 5f]8\gfn] 7Ls
;dodf hf] 7Ls 5, ;+If]kdf wd{ / ljgosf] af/]df af]Ng] u5{ .
p;n] ;+lrt ug{ ;Sg], ;dof]lrt, sf/0fo'Qm, /fd|/L JofVof
ug{ ;Sg] / 7Ls 7Ls zAbx¿ af]N5 .Æ
d=lg= !&(
k|Zg M s;} s;}n] eGg] u5{g\ ls O{Zj/ jf O{Zj/x¿sf] zlQmsf]
e/ u/]/dfq dflg; c;n x'G5 .
pQ/ M of ] ;/f;/ c;To xf ] . nfvf +} nfv :jtGq ljrf/s /
af}4x¿ 5g\ h;sf cfr/0f gd| / c;n 5g\ . cfhef]lnsf]
nflu dfq xfO] g t/ ;w +} g } h;/L ;jz{ lQmdfg \ ljZjf; ugx{] ¿sf
dfemdf 5g \ . olb tkfO +{ :jR5 Xbon ] sfz] Lz ugx{' G' 5 eg]
tkfO +{ cfºgf ] cfr/0f z4' ug { ;Sgx' G' 5 / olb tkfO +{ k0" f¿{ kdf
z4' xg' ;Sg ' ePg eg ] tkfO +{ lgZro kg cem c;n xg' ;Sg]
sfz] Lz ugx{' g' 5] .
38 k'gh{Gd k|Zgf]Q/ 39
k|Zg M dflg; sxf“af6 cfPsf] xf] / sxf“ hf“b}5 <
pQ/ M o; k|Zgsf] tLg j6f ;DefJo pQ/x¿ 5g\ . JolQmsf]
;h[ gf xg' e' Gbf klxn ] p;sf ] cl:tTj xb'“ g} . OZ{ j/sf ] OR5faf6
p;sf] hGd x'G5 eGg] s'/f O{Zj/ jf O{Zj/df ljZjf; /fVg]x¿n]
k|foM h;f] bfaL ub{5g\ . pm cfºgf] hLjg lgjf{x ub{5 clg
cfkm"n] ljZjf; u/] cg';f/ jf hLjgdf cfkm"n] u/]sf] cg';f/
ls t :ju{df hfG5 ls t g/sdf . Toxf“ c¿x¿ klg 5g\–
dfgjjfbLx¿ tyf j}1flgsx¿ h;n] k|fs[lts sf/0fx¿n]
ubf{ JolQmx¿sf] hGd x'G5 eGg] s'/f bfjL u5{g\, hLp“5g\ clg
d/0f;“u} cl:tTj d]6\b5g\ . a'4wd{n] oL b'a} JofVofx¿nfO{
:jLsf/ ubg{} .
klxnf]n] w]/} g} Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ v8f ub{5 .
olb xfdLx¿ k|To]snfO{ Pp6f c;n O{Zj/n] ;f“Rr} g} ;[hgf
u/]sf] xf] eg] of] aofg ug{ sl7g 5 ls Tolt w]/}sf] ;+Vofdf
lsg dflg;x¿ eo+s/ ljs[ltsf ;fy hGd lnG5g\ jf Tolt
5= k'gh{Gd
w]/} ;+Vofdf aRrf hGdg' eGbf cl3 g} d5{g\ jf t}klg hGdG5g\ .
csf {] OZ{ j/jfbL aofgdf ;d:of of ] 5 ls kY[ jLdf vfln ^)
cyjf &) jif{ cfkm"n] u/]sf] cg'lrt sfdsf] nflu g/sdf
cgGt bM' v ;xg ' kg {] s/' f Gofofl] rt ePg . ^) jf &) jifs{ f]
cljZjf; cyjf cg}lts lgjf{xn] cToGt b'Mv j]bgf kfpg
;Sb}g . To;/L g} ^) jf &) jif{sf] c;n lgjf{xn] :ju{df w]/}
sddfqfdf dfq cgGt ;'v kfOG5 .
bf>] f ] JofVof klxnfe] Gbf c;n 5 / o;nfO { ki[ 6L ug{]
w]/} k|df0fx¿ 5g\ t/ cem} klg w]/} dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm
kfpg af“sL g} 5 . b'Oj6f tGt'x¿, jLo{ / c08fsf] ;fwf/0f
;+of]uaf6 r]tgf h:tf] cfZro{hgs hl6n k|fs[lts 36gfsf]
ljsf; s;/L x'g ;S5 < clg ca dgf]lj1fg lj1fgsf] Pp6f
dfGotf k|fKt zfvf e};s]sf] 5 . dfgl;s ljrf/sf] cfbfg
k|bfg h:tf] k|fs[lts 36gf dgsf] ef}lts 9f“rfdf ldnfpg
c;fWo sl7g x'G5 .
dflg; sxf“af6 cfof] / pm sxf“ hf“b}5 eGg] s'/fsf]
;a}eGbf ;Gtf]ifk"0f{ JofVof a'4wd{n] k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ha xfd|f]
d[To' x'G5 o; hLjgdf 36a9 k|fyldstf, of]Uotfsf nIf0fx¿n]
ljsl;t tyf zt{ o'Qm dg k'gM k|hggzLn c08fdf cfkm}
:yflkt x'G5 . o;/L JolQm a9\5 / k'gh{Gd x'G5, b'a} lnP/
cfPsf dfgl;s nIf0fx¿ / gof“ jftfj/0fn] zt{o'Qm JolQmTjsf]
40 k'gh{Gd k|Zgf]Q/ 41
ljsf; x'G5 . JolQmTjsf] kl/jt{g x'g]5 / lzIff, k}t[s k|efj
/ ;dfh h:tf sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ r]tgzLn k|of;af6 kl/nlIft
x'G5 . d[To' Psk6s km]l/ gof“ k|hggzLn c08fdf cfkm;]cfkm
k'gM :yflkt x'G5 . d[To' / k'gh{Gdsf] o; k|lqmof, t[i0ff /
c1fgtf h:tf sf/0fx¿ ;To geP;Dd lg/Gt/ /lx/xg] 5g\ .
ha tL t[i0ff / c1fgtf vtd x'G5g\ . hGdx'gsf] ;§f dg
To; cj:yfdf k|j]z x'G5 h;nfO{ lgjf{0f eGb5g\ / a'4wd{sf]
clGtd nIo / hLjgsf] d"n p2]Zo klg oxL xf] .
kZ| g M dg Pp6f z/L/af6 csf {] z/L/df s;/L hfG5 <
pQ/ M o;nfO{ /]l8of] t/Ë h:t} xf] egL ljrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
/l] 8of ] t/Ë hg' ls zAbx¿ / ;u+ Ltaf6 ags] f ] xb“' g} a¿
ljleGg lk|mSj]G;Ldf /x]sf] zlQmsf] k|;f/0f x'G5 / ;+uLt ¿kdf
k|;f/0f ePsf] 7fp“af6 cfslif{t x'G5 / l/l;e/n] ;dfT5 .
dgdf klg 7Ls o:t} x'G5 . d[To'df klg dfgl;s zlQm
cfsfzdfua{ f6 ofqf ub {} kh| ggzLn c08fdf cfslift{ xG' 5 /
To;af6 ;dfltG5 . hLjsf]if a9\b} uP/ of] dl:tisdf cfkm}
s]lGb|t x'G5, eP kl5 uP/ cfkm} gof“ JolQmTjdf k|;fl/t
x'G5 .
k|Zg M s] k|To]s dflg;sf] k'gh{Gd ;“w} dflg; eP/ g} x'G5 <
pQ/ M xf]Og . oxf“ k'gh{Gd x'g ;Sg] w]/} If]qx¿ 5g\ . s;}
s;}sf] :ju{df k'gh{Gd x'G5 . s;} s;}sf] g/sdf k'gh{Gd
x'G5 . s;}sf] ef]sfPsf e"tsf] ¿kdf k'gh{Gd x'G5 cflb .
:ju{ eGbfv]l/ s'g} Ps 7fp“ xf]Og t/ cl:tTjsf] Pp6f cj:yf
xf] hxf“ Ps cnf}lss z/L/ x'G5 / hxf“ dgn] d'Votof
v'lzofnLsf] cg'ej u5{ . s'g} s'g} wd{n] e"nn] o;nfO{ k/Gt';Dd
l6Sg] cj:yf xf] eGg] ljZjf;df :jlu{s cl:tTjdf k'gh{Gd
x'g 7"nf] sf]zLz u5{ t/ o:tf] xf]Og . zt{ o'Qm cj:yfx¿
h:t} :ju{ klg cl:y/ 5 / ha Pssf] cfo' ;lsG5, ta
dflg;sf] ¿kdf km]l/ k'gh{Gd x'g ;Sb5 . ts{ klg To;/L g}
Pp6f 7fp“ xf]Og t/ Pp6f cl:tTjsf] cj:yfsf] hxf“ Pssf]
cnf}lss z/L/ x'G5 / Toxf“ dgn] d'Votof b'Mv tyf lrGtssf]
cge' j u5 { . efs] fPsf et" kt]| xg' k' lg kml] / Pp6f cl:tTjsf]
cj:yf xf] hxf“ z/L/ cnf}lss x'G5 / dg lg/Gt/ rfxgf /
c;Gt'i6Laf6 kLl8t x'G5 .
To;}n] :jlu{s k|f0fLn] d'Votof cfgGbsf] cg'ej u5{ .
g/ssf kf| 0fLn ] / et" kt]| n ] dV' otof bM' vsi6sf ] cge' j u5{
tyf dfgj k|f0fLn] ;fwf/0ftof b'a} ld>0fsf] cg'ej u5{ .
To;}n] dfgjLo If]q / c¿ If]qx¿df d'Vo km/s xf]– z/L/sf]
lsl;d / cg'ejsf] u'0f .
kZ| g M xfdf| ] kg' hG{ d sxf “ xG' 5 eGg ] s/' fnfO { lgwf/{ 0f ug {] cfwf/
s] xf] <
42 k'gh{Gd k|Zgf]Q/ 43
pQ/ M xfd|f] sxf“ k'gh{Gd x'G5 / xfd|f] hLjg s:tf] x'G5 eGg]
s/' fdf ke| fj kfg {] ;ae} Gbf dxTjk0" f { s/' f sd { xf–] t/ oxL
Pp6f dfq rflx“ xf]Og . sd{ zAbn] æsfo{Æ eGg] hgfp“b5 /
xfdf| ] dg;fosf ] dfgl;s sfon{ fO { ;s+ t] ub5{ . csf {] zAbdf
eGg ] xf ] eg ] clxn ] xfdL s ] 5f +} eGg ] s/' f lats] f an] fdf xfdLn]
s;/L larf/ u¥of +} / sfo { u¥of +} eGg ] s/' fn ] w/] } h;f ] lgwfl{ /t
ub5{ . To;/L g } clxn ] xfdL s;/L ljrf/ u5f +{} / s ] sfo { u5f+{}
eGg ] s/' fn ] eljiodf xfdL s:tf ] xg' 5] f +} eGg ] s/' fdf ke| fj
kf5{ .
gd| / bofjfg\ JolQm :ju{df k'gh{Gd x'g] x'G5 cyjf
;'vL cg'ejx¿n] e/k"/ ePsf] Pp6f dfgj h:t} x'G5 .
dxTjfsf+IfL, lrlGtt cyjf Psbd} lgb{oL lsl;dsf] JolQm
g/s If]qdf k'gh{Gd x'g] cyjf b'Mv} b'Mvsf] cg'ejn] k"0f{ Pp6f
dfgj h:t} x'G5 . slxNo} klg ;Gt'i6 x'g g;Sg] a[xt\ t[i0ff,
dfx] / a9L dxTjfsfI+ fL JolQmsf ] kg' hG{ d efs] fPsf ] et" kt]| sf]
¿kdf x'G5 cyjf Tof] dfof / OR5faf6 c;Gt'i6 dflg; h:t}
x'G5 . o; hLjgdf h:tf];'s} dfgl;s afgLx¿ alno} lsl;dn]
ljsf; ePsf ] ePklg csf {] hLjgdf klg /lxg } /xg ] 5 . h]
ePklg w]/} h;f] dflg;x¿ dg'ios} ¿kdf k'gh{Gd lnG5g\ .
kZ| g M To;sf/0f xfdLx¿ cfˆgf ] sdå{ f/f lgwfl{ /t xfO] gf +} . xfdL
o;nfO { abNg ;S5f +} .
pQ/ M ;fob xfdL ;S5f +} . To;n} ] cfoc{ i6fl+ us dfus{ f ] Pp6f
v'8\lsnf] ;Dos\ k|oTg xf] . slt zlQm nufp“5f} / slQsf]
afgL kl/;Sof] eGg] s'/f xfdLx¿sf] ;f]emf]kgdf e/ kb{5 t/
sfx] L sfx] L dflg;x¿ kl/jtg{ ug {] sfz] Lz ljgf g } o:tf
b'MvbfoL kl/jt{gx¿sf] lzsf/ aGb} lat]sf afgLx¿sf] k|efjdf
;fwf/0f hLjg lgjf{x u5{g\ eGg] s'/f ;To xf] . To:tf
dflg;x¿n] cfºgf] k|lts"n afgLx¿ g;'wf/];Dd b'Mv kfOg}
/xg]5g\ . k|lts"n afgLx¿ w]/} ;do;Dd /lx/x]df ltgLx¿nfO{
;'wf/ ug{ w]/} ufx|f] x'g]5 . af}4x¿n] o;nfO{ a'em]sf x'G5g\ /
kl| tsn" c;/ kfg{ ] dfgl;s afgLx¿nfO { tf8] g\ / ;v' do tyf
c;n gtLhf k|fKt x'g] vfnsf] dfgl;s afgLsf] ljsf; ug{
k|To]s df}sfsf] kmfObf lnG5g\ . s'g} t/Lsfn] af]Ng] / af]Ngaf6
/fl] sg ] tyf sfo { ug {] / sfo { uga{] f6 /fl] sg ] . h:t–} Wofg ug{]
klg cfºgf ] afgL ;w' fg {] t/Lsfx¿ dWos] f ] Ps xf ] . af4} x¿sf]
;Dk0" f { hLjg g } dgnfO { z4' ug {] / :jtGq /fVg ] kl| zIf0f xf ] .
h:tf ] ls olb klxns] f ] hLjgdf tkfOs+{ f ] rl/q bofn ' / wo} j{ fg\
lyof] eg] o; hLjgdf klg To:t} vfnsf] x'G5 . oxL o;
hLjgdf klg tL ;b' 9[ xb“' } ljsf; eof ] eg ] eljiosf ] hLjgdf
klg a9L dfqfdf k'gM ;dfj]z x'G5 . of] w]/} afgL al;;s]sf]
s'/fnfO{ tf]8\g sl7g x'G5 eGg] Pp6f ;fwf/0f tyf b]Vg
;lsg] s'/fdf cfwfl/t 5 .
44 k'gh{Gd k|Zgf]Q/ 45
ca, olb tkfO +{ wL/ / bofjfg \ xg' x' G' 5 eg ] ;fwf/0ftof
tkfO +{ c¿sf ] jxsfjdf nfUg ' xG' g eGg ] yfxf xG' 5 . tkfOs+{ f
ug' f;fx¿ sx] L xb“' g} g \ . dflg;x¿n ] tkfOn+{ fO { dg k/fpb“ 5g\
To;n} ] tkfOs+{ f ] cge' j ;v' lt/ a9L 9Nss] f ] xG' 5 . xfdL ca
csf {] pbfx/0f lncf +} tkfOs+{ f ] cfºgf ] kg' hG{ dsf ] dfgl;s cfr/0fn]
ubf { tkfO +{ wo} j{ fg \ / bofnk' gsf ] hg' L lnP/ cfpg ' eof ] t/
clxns] f ] hLjgdf tkfOs+{ f ] To:tf ] afgL ax] f/] fnfO { alnof ] ug {] /
ljsf; ug {] sfod{ f xn] rqmØfO “ ugx{' G' 5 eg ] ltgLx¿ lj:tf/}
lj:tf/} sdhf]/ x'g]5g\ / vQd x'g]5g\ . clg ;fob eljiosf]
hLjgdf k"0f{tof /xg] 5}gg\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf w}o{ / bofn'kgsf]
sdLn ] ubf { o; hLjgdf jf csf {] hLjgdf l56 } ;Gsg,] l/;fxf,
b'i6kg a9\g] / To;sf] ljsf; x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 h;n] ubf{
To:tf efjgfx¿ cfpg'sf] ;fy} tLtf / g/dfOnf cg'ejx¿
dfq Nofp“b5g\ .
xfdLx¿ Pp6f clGtd pbfx/0f lnG5f } . dflglncf +} ls
tkfOs+{ f ] cfºgf ] clGtd hLjgsf ] dfgl;s cfr/0fn ] ubf { Ifl0fs
;Gsg] / l/;fpg] afgL a]xf]/f lnP/ clxn]sf] h'gLdf cfpg' ef]
t/ To:tf] afgLn] vfln g/dfOnf] dfq t'Nofp“b5 eGg] dx;';
ugx{' G' 5 . tkfO +{ To;nfO { ;sf/fTds efjgfx¿n ] abNgx' G' 5 .
olb tkfO +{ To;nfO { k0" f { tl/sfn ] d6] fpg ;Sg ' xG' 5 eg ] -hg'
tkfOn+{ ] sfz] Lz uge{' P ;Dej klg 5 ._ tkfO +{ g/dfOnfk] gaf6
dQ' m xg' x' g' 5] clg To;sf/0f tkfO +{ To;nfO { kl/jtg{ ug{
sfz] Lz ugx{' G' 5 . To;nfO { ;sf/fTds efjgfåf/f abNgx' G' 5 .
olb tkfO +{ To;nfO { k0" ft{ of d6] fpg ;kmn xg' e' of ] eg ] olb
tkfO +{ sfz] Lz ugx{' G' 5 eg ] of ] ;Dej klg 5 . tkfO +{ Ifl0fs
;Gsg] / l/;sf] sf/0fn] x'g] g/dfOnf]kgaf6 d'Qm x'g'x'g] 5 .
olb tkfO +{ To:tf ] afgL Joxf/] fnfO { vfln lkmtnf ] dfq kfgx{' G' 5
eg] To:tf] s'/f csf{ hGddf k'gM k|fb'ef{j x'G5 hxf“ clnslt
dfq sf]zLz u/]df klg ltgLx¿nfO{ k"0f{tof d]6fpg ;Sg'x'g]5
/ ltgLx¿sf] g/dfOnf] k|efjaf6 d'Qm x'g ;Sg'x'g]5 .
kZ| g M tkfOn+{ ] kg' hG{ dsf ] ljifodf w/] } eGge' of ] t/ d/k] l5 kml] /
hGd x'G5 eGg] s] s] k|df0f 5 t <
pQ/ M o;df af}4x¿sf] k'gh{Gddflysf] ljZjf;nfO{ 6]jf lbg]
j}1flgs k|df0fdfq xf]Og ls oxL Pp6fdfq d/0ff]k/fGtsf]
l;4fGt xf] h;sf] ;dy{gdf s]xL k|df0fx¿ kfOG5g\ . :ju{sf]
cl:tTj 5 egL kd| fl0ft ug {] sg' } Pp6f klg kd| f0f 5g} /
;fob d[To'df ;Dk"0f{ gfz x'G5 eGg] k|df0fdf sdL xf]nf t/
lat]sf #) jif{x¿df dgf]j}1flgsx¿n]– s]xL dflg;x¿n]
klxns] f ] hGdsf ] af/d] f oyfy { ;Demgf xb“' f/] x5] eGg ] kl| tjb] gaf/]
cWoog ul//x]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu a]nfotdf Pp6L %
jifs{ L s6] Ln ] p;sf cs {} cfdf afas' f ] ;Demgf ug { ;S5 ' egL
/ p;n] af]n]sf oyfy{tfdf c¿ g} JolQmsf] hLjgdf 36]sf
46 k'gh{Gd k|Zgf]Q/ 47
36gfx¿sf] cfef; x'G5 . Toxf“ dgf]j}1flgsx¿ af]nfOP .
clg ltgLx¿n ] p;nfO { ;of +} kZ| gx¿ u/ ] h;sf ] pQ/ p;n]
lbO{ . p;n] cfkm" Pp6f ljlzi6 ufp“df a:g] u/]sf] s'/f]sf]
af]nL h'g :k]g h:tf] a'lemGYof] . p;n] ufp“sf] gfp“ lbO{ .
cfkm" a;]sf] ;8ssf] gfd, p;sf l5d]sLx¿sf] gfd atfO{ /
Toxf“ p;sf] hLjgsf] lbg rof{sf] af/]df k"0f{ ljj/0f lbO{ .
clg uxe/L cf“z' kf/L cfkm"nfO{ s;/L Pp6f df]6/sf/n] 7Ss/
lbPsf] lyof] / b'O{ lbgkl5 ToxL 3fpx¿sf kL8fn] d/]sL lyO{ .
ha oL ljj/0fx¿nfO{ s]nfP/ a'emL x]bf{ tL ;a} 7Ls /x]5g\ .
:k]gdf Pp6f ufp“ lyof] h;sf] gfd ;f] % jif{sL aflnsfn]
eg]sL lyO{ . p;n] lbPsf gfdsf] ;8sdf p;n] j0f{g u/]
h:t} Pp6f 3/ lyof] . cem a9L of] kQf nfUof] ls To; 3/df
a:g] u/]sL Pp6L @# jifL{of dlxnf kf“r jif{ klxn] Pp6f
df]6/sf/ b'3{6gfaf6 dfl/PsL lyO{ . ca a]nfotdf a:g] u/]sL
% jifL{of aflnsf hf] :k]gdf slxNo} guPsf]nfO{ oL ;a} ljj/0f
s;/L yfxf kfO{ < clg ;fob o:tf] k|sf/sf] 36gf oxL Pp6f
dfq klg xf]Og . elh{lgof ljZjljBfnosf] dgf]lj1fg ljefusf
k|fWofks cfog:6]d]G;gn] cfºgf k':tsx¿df bh{gf}+ o:tf
ks| f/sf cj:yfsf 36gfx¿sf ] j0fg{ uge{' Psf ] 5 . pxf “ Ps
Vofltk|fKt j}1flgs x'g'x'G5 h;sf] &% jif{ nfdf] cjlw klxn]sf]
hLjgsf ] ;Demgf ug {] dflg;x¿sf ] cWoog g } kg' hG{ dsf ] ljifodf
af}4 lzIffsf] Pp6f cToGt alnof] k|df0f xf] .
k|Zg M s]xL JolQmx¿n] cjZo eGnfg\ ls cfˆgf] k"j{hLjgsf]
;:+ d/0f ug { ;Sg ] sfd kt]| x¿sf ] xf ] .
pQ/ M of ] t kt]| x¿sf ] sfd xf ] eg ] h:t } tkfOn+{ fO { ljZjf;
gnfUg] eP h:t} ;a}s'/fnfO{ vfln kG5fpg ;ls“b}g . ha s'g}
klg ljrf/nfO{ 6]jf lbg] alnof] / 7f]; k|df0f ldN5 eg] To;sf]
;fdgf ug { tkfOn+{ ] ljjs] / tsk{ 0" f { tsx{ ¿ ko| fu] ugk{' 5–{
kt]| x¿sf ] af/d] f h:t } cljjs] k0" f { / cGwljZjf;sf ] s/' fn ] xfO] g .
kZ| g M kt]| sf ] af/d] f s/' f ubf { tkfOn+{ ] cGwljZjf; eGg ' eof ] . s]
k'gh{Gdsf] af/]df s'/f ubf{ klg clnslt cGwljZjf; g} ePg
/ <
pQ/ M cGwljZjf;nfO{ zAbsf]ifn] kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 ls–
æPp6f ljZjf; hg' sf/0f jf ;Totfdf cfwfl/t xb“' g} t/
hfb"df h:t} ljrf/x¿sf] ;dli6df cfwfl/t x'G5Æ olb Pp6f
j1} flgsn ] kt]| sf ] cl:tTjaf/ ] uxlsnf ] cWoog u/L nl] vPsf]
bv] fpg ;Sgx' G' 5 eg ] d kt]| x¿df ljZjf; ug {' cGwljZjf;
xfO] g eGg ] 7fGg5] ' t/ dn} ] kt]| x¿sf ] ;DaGwdf cg;' Gwfg
u/]sf] slxNo} klg ;'g]sf] 5}g . j}1flgsx¿ To:tf] s'/fdf
cWoog u//] emGem6df km:g rfxb“ g} g \ . To;n} ] d eG5 ' kt]| sf]
cl:tTjaf/] s]xL klg k|df0f 5}g t/ clxn] e/v/} xfdLn]
k'gh{Gd x'g ;S5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ 6]jf lbg] vfnsf] k|df0f 5 eGg]
48 k'gh{Gd k|Zgf]Q/ 49
yfxf kfof +} . To;n } kg' hG{ dsf ] ljZjf; ;fwf/0ftof sx] L ;Totfdf
cfwfl/t 5 eg] of] cGwljZjf; x'g ;Qm}g .
kZ| g M 7Ls 5 . To;fe] P kg' hG{ ddf ljZjf; ug {] sx] L j1} flgs
lyP t <
pQ/ M cjZo lyP . yfd] ; xS;n,] hf ] !( cf +} ztfAbLdf al[ 6z
:s"n l;:6ddf lj1fg lzIff k|j]z u/fpg]df hjfkmb]xL lyP /
k'gh{Gd eg]sf] ;k|dfl0fs x'g ;Sg] ljrf/ xf] egL ljZjf;
ul/g] 8flj{gsf] l;4fGtnfO{ arfpg] klxnf] j}1flgs klg lyP .
pgsf] gfdL k':ts "Evolution and Ethics and other
essays" df eGb5g\– cfTdf :yfgfGt/0fsf] l;4fGtdf o;sf]
pTklQaf/] a|fDx0f jf af}4 h'g;'s} lsl;dsf cGbfhx¿ kfOPklg
zG" oaf6 dflg;df hfg ;Sg ] kf| dfl0fs bi[ 6fGt lgdf0{ f ug{]
pkfox¿ ;a} tof/ 5g\ . t/ klg o:tf lsl;dsf ts{x¿
c¿eGbf sd k|fdfl0fs g} x'G5g\ / c¿ eGbf tLa| ljrf/x¿n]
cgf7} fk] gsf ] cfefifsf ] cfwf/df c:jLsf/ ug5{] . kf| be' fj{ sf]
l;4fGt h:t}, cfTdf–:yfgfGt/0f oyfy{tfsf] ;+;f/df c+s'l/t
5, h;sf] ;dy{gdf oy]i6 dfqfdf ;fb[Zotf /x]sf] 5 eGg]
s'/fnfO{ 7f]s]/ eGg ;lsG5 .
:jL8]gsf gfdL vuf]nzf:qL, ef}ltszf:qL tyf j}1flgs
cfoG;6Lgsf ;fyL k|fWofks u':tfkm :6«f]Dau{n] klg k'gh{Gdsf]
ljrf/ k|efjsf/L g} kfP .
dfgjcfTdfx¿ k'gM o; ;+;f/df cjtf/ lnG5g\ ln“b}gg\
eGg] s'/fdf dt leGgtf 5 . ;g\ !(#^ df ef/tdf ;/sf/L
clwsf/Lx¿sf] Pp6f rfv nfUbf] s]; k"0f{tof cg';Gwfg u/L
k|ltj]bg lbPsf lyP . lbNnLsL zfGtLb]jL gfd u/]sL Pp6L
s]6Ln] lbNnLeGbf kf“rzo dfOn 6f9f dy'/fdf bf];|f] hGdeGbf
Psjif{ cufl8 ;dfKt ePsf] cfºgf] k"j{hGdsf] af/]df k"0f{
oyfy{ ljj/0f lbg ;lsg\ . pgn] cfºgf nf]Ug]sf] / afnssf]
gfd atfOg\ / cfºgf] 3/ / hLjgsf] Oltxf; atfOg\ . cg';Gwfg
clwsf/Lx¿n] pgnfO{ cfºgf k"j{ gft]bf/x¿ sxf“ nu] . h;n]
pgsf] sygx¿nfO{ hf“r]/ x]/] . ef/tLo hgtfdf k'ghL{jgaf/]
ulx/f] 5fk 5 . o; s];df cgf}7f] s'/f s] 5 eg] tL s]6Ln]
c;+Vo oyfy{ s'/fx¿sf] ;Demgf ul/g\ . of] / o:t} lsl;dsf
36gfx¿nfO{ cIfo :d/0fzlQmsf] l;4fGtsf] yk k|df0fsf] ¿kdf
lng ;lsG5 .
;DdfggLo a]nfotL a}1flgs, k|fWofks h'lnog xS;n]
hf] o"g]:sf]sf dxflgb]{zs x'g'x'GYof] . k'gh{Gd j}1flgs
ljrf/wf/f;“u k"0f{tof ;fdGh:otf /fVb5 eGg] ljZjf;
ug'{x'GYof] .
æ;bfsfn hLljt /xg] cfTdfsf] v08gdf s]xL klg
50 k'gh{Gd k|Zgf]Q/ 51
kfO“b}g . d/0fsf] a]nfdf s'g} lsl;dn] PSnf]kg eP/ 5f]8]/
hfg] dfq xf] h;/L s'g} Pp6f lglb{i6 t/Lsfn] k|of]u ul/Psf]
oGqåf/f k7fPsf] Pp6f k|i6 j]tf/sf] ;Gb]z h:t} t/ of] ;Demg
clt cfjZos 5 ls of] a]tf/sf] ;Gb]z Tolt a]nfdfq ;Gb]z
xG' 5 ha o;nfO { csf {] Pp6f dl] zg– l/l;e/;u“ ;Dks { /fVb5 .
To;/L g} cfTdf :yfgfGt/0fdf klg ;Dej 5 . o;n] s'g}
t/Lsfn] c¿ z/L/df km]l/ k|j]z gu/];Dd s]xL klg ;f]Rb}g jf
rfn kfp“b}g . xfdLx¿sf] JolQmTj klg z/L/df o;/L cfwfl/t
xG' 5 sL afR“ g ] ljrf/ ug {' klg ;fR“ r } c;Dej xG' 5 hg' Ps}
ks| f/sf ] z/L/x¿sf ] cefjdf ;fR“ r } eg “' eg ] JolQmut xG' 5 .
s]xL s'/f 5f]8]/ uPsf] af/] d ljrf/ ug{ ;S5' h'g Pp6f
at] f/sf ] ;Gbz] n ] k;| f/ ug {] oGqn ] h:t } nfU] g ] dflg; jf :jf:gL
dflg;l;t ;DaGw /fVb5 t/ d[tssf] af/]df, Pp6fn] b]Vg
;s];Dd, ]sL klg xf]Og vfln a|Dxf08df 3'ld lx“8\g] ljleGg
k|sf/sf cj/f]wx¿ h:t} -ljs[lt_ dfq x'g\ . ha o;n] s'g}
ks| f/sf ] ux| 0f ug {] oGqn ] h:t } dfgl;s ;Dks { /fV5 ta
cfºgf] r]tgfdf k'gM kmls{G5 .Æ
cd]l/sfsf pBf]uklt x]g/L kmf]8{ h:tf Psbd}
:jfefljs tyf oyfy{jfbL JolQmn] :jLsf/ of]Uo ljrf/
k'gh{Gdaf/] kQf nufP . k'gh{Gdsf] ljrf/n] kmf]8{ cToGt
cfslif{t lyP . lsgeg] O{Zj/jfbL ljrf/ / ef}ltsjfbL ljrf/sf]
ljkl/t kg' hG{ dn ] cfºgf ] ljsf; ug {] bf;] f| ] dfs} f kb| fg ub5{ .
x]g/L kmf]8{ eGb5g\ –
æha d 5AaL; jif{sf] lyP“ ta d}n] k'gM cjtf/sf]
l;4fGtnfO { ux| 0f u/ +] . wdn{ ] o;af/ ] sx] L lbPg / sfdn ] klg
dnfO { k0" f { ;Gtfi] f u/g] . olb Pp6f hLjgaf6 csf {] hLjgdf
;u+ x| u/s] f cge' jx¿nfO { ko| fu] df Nofpg ;sg] f +} eg ] sfd
ug {' klg Joy { 5 . dn} ] kg' M cjtf/ kQf nufP “ . dn} ] aD| xf08–
of]hgf km]nf kf/] h:t} eof] . d]/f] ljrf/n] sfd ug{ ;S5 eGg]
dxz;" u/ “] . ;do sd lyof ] . d 38Lsf ;O" x{ ¿sf ] bf; afxs]
c¿ s]xL eOg . ;Ifdtf g} cg'ej xf] . s;} s;}n] o;nfO{
j/bfg jf of]Uotf eGg] u5{g\ t/ of] w]/} h'gLx¿sf] nfdf]
cg'ejsf] kmn xf] . s'g} c¿eGbf kfsf] cfTdf x'G5 / p;n] w]/}
yfxf kfp“5 . k'gM cjtf/sf] cfljisf/n] d]/f] dgnfO{ xn'sf
u¥of] . olb o; jftf{nfksf] /]s8{ ;'/lIft /fVg' x'G5 eg]
o;nfO{ n]Vg'xf]nf tf ls dflg;x¿sf] dg xn'sf kfg{ ;lsG5 .
hLjgsf] nfdf] ljrf/x¿n] lbg] zflGtaf/] c¿x¿nfO{ klg
eGg dg nfUb5 .Æ
o;sf/0f k'gh{Gd ;DaGwL af}4 lzIffnfO{ 6]jf lbg]
s]xL j}1flgs k|df0fx¿ cjZo 5g\ . oL ts{o'Qm 5g\ tyf
O{Zj/jfb / ef}ltsjfbsf l;4fGtx¿n] lbg g;s]sf k|Zgx¿sf]
hjfkm lbg of] w]/} cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . t/ of] Psbd} cf/fdbfoL
52 k'gh{Gd k|Zgf]Q/ 53
klg 5 . bf];|f] df}sf lbg ;Sg], o; h'gLsf cfkm"n] u/]sf
uNtLx¿ ;w' f/ ug {] dfs} f lbg ] / o; hg' Ldf hfgs] f 1fg /
ofU] otfx¿sf ] ljsf; ug {] yk ;do glbg ] hLjgsf l;4fGteGbf
v/fa c¿ s] x'g ;S5 xf]nf < t/ a'4sf] egfO cg';f/ o;
hg' Ldf tkfOn+{ ] lgjf0{ f kf| Kt ug {' ePg eg ] tkfOn+{ ] csf {] ;dodf
sfz] Lz ug {] dfs} f kfpgx' g' 5] . olb tkfOn+{ ] o; hg' Ldf uNtL
uge{' of ] eg ] csf {]{ hg' Ldf tkfO +{ cfkmn} ] ;w' f/ ug { ;Ifd xg' x' g' 5] .
;f“Rr} g} cfºgf uNtLx¿af6 l;Sg ;Ifd x'g]5 . o; h'gLdf
ug { g;ss] f jf kf| Kt ug { g;ss] f s/' fx¿ csf {] hg' Ldf /fd/| L
;Dej x'g]5 . s:tf] cgf}7f] lzIff xf] .
v
6= !fg / s?)ff
k|Zg M af}4x¿n] w]/}rf]l6 1fg / s¿0ffsf] ljifodf s'/fsfgL
ul//x]sf] cS;/ ;'Gb5' . oL b'O{ zAbsf] s] cy{ xf] <
pQ/ M s]xL wd{x¿n] ljZjf; ub{5g\ ls s¿0ff cyjf dfof -
b'a} ;dfg h:t} 5g\ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ cfWoflTds u'0f xf] t/
ltgLx¿ s'g} 1fgsf] ljsf; ug{ eg] c;kmn x'G5g\ h;sf]
kmn:j¿k tkfO{+ Pp6f cToGt bofn' JolQm t/ yf]/} jf
gf;dembf/L c;n x[boL d"v{ eO{ ;dfKt x'g'x'g]5 . c¿ ljrf/sf
k4ltx¿ h:t}, lj1fgåf/f c;n t/Lsfn] 1fg ljsf; ug{
;lsG5 ha ls ;a} efjgfx¿n] s¿0ff ;lxtnfO{ dfu{b]lv
cln 6f9f /fv]df eGg] ljZjf; ub{5g\ . o;sf] gtlhf of] x'G5
ls lj1fgn] gtLhfx¿sf] 7fp“ klxn] g} cf]u6]sf] efg x'G5 /
lj1fgn ] dflg;sf ] ;j] f ugk{' 5 { p;nfO { lgoGq0f tyf lyrfl] drf]
ug {] xfO] g eGg ] ;dt] la;s{] f ] 5 . gqeg ] j1} flgsx¿n ] k/df0f'
ad, sL6f0f' gf;s tyf To:t} k|sf/sf ljsf; ug{ cfºgf a'l4
54 !fg / s?)ff k|Zgf]Q/ 55
lvofpg s;/L ;Sy] < wd{n] ;bf ;j{bf efjgfsf b'Zdg dfof
/ ljZjf;nfO{ h:t} x]t' -sf/0f_ / 1fgnfO{ x]/]sf] x'G5 . lj1fgn]
;w +} efjgfx¿ h:t } dfof / ljZjf;nfO { sf/0f / p2Z] osf]
b'Zdg h:t} x]/]sf] x'G5 . clg To;}n] ;fob hlt hlt lj1fg
ku| ltkydf nDsG5 pltplt wd { 36b\ } hfG5 . csfl{] t/, ;fR“ r}
g } ;Gtn' g tyf k0" f { JolQmut ug {] xf ] 1fg / s¿0ff . oL
ba' n} fO { tkfOn+{ ] ljsf; ub {} nfgk' b5{ eGg ] lzIff a4' wdn{ ] lbG5 .
of] cGwljZjf;df cfwfl/t geO{ cg'ejdf cfwfl/t ePsf]
xb“' f a4' wdn{ ] lj1fgbl] v tl;g{ ' kg {] sf/0f sx] L klg 5g} .
k|Zg M To;f] eP, a'4wd{ cg';f/ 1fg eg]sf] s] xf] t <
pQ/ M s'g} klg 36gfx¿ k"0f{ 5}gg\, l:y/ 5}gg\ / cfkm}df
;Lldt 5}gg\ egL oyfy{ ;TonfO{ b]Vg' g} ;a}eGbf pRr 1fg
xf] . o:tf] ;dembf/L k"0f{ :jtGq x'G5 / dxf/Iff / cgGt
;'vlt/ 8f]¥ofp“b5 h;nfO{ lgjf{0f elgG5 . To;f]eP klg a'4n]
o:tf ] cj:yfsf ] 1fg af/d] f w/] } s/' f ugx{' G' g . xfdLnfO { h]
elgPsf ] 5 olb To;nfO { dfq ljZjf; ug {] xf ] eg ] Tof ] 1fg
xf]Og . ;xL 1fg eg]sf] xfdLx¿n] k|ToIf b]Vg' / a'‰g' xf] . o;
cj:yfdf 1fg eGgfn] Xbo aGb u/L sf/0f yfxf gkfO{ c¿
c¿ larf/ ;'lg/xg' eGbf klg dgnfO{ vf]n]/ lng] a:t' xf] .
afn'jfdf cfºgf] 6fpsf] uf8]/ a:g'eGbf tYox¿nfO{ /fd|f]l;t
s]nfP/ x]g'{, xfd|f] ljZjf;;“u bf“h]/ x]g'{, k"jf{u|xL x'g' jf
kIflng'eGbf klg lqmofzLn x'g', xfdLnfO{ lbPsf] a9L efjgfTds
s/' fx¿nfO { klxn ] :jLsf/ uge{' Gbf klg xfdLx¿sf ] ljrf/ /
ljZjf; of]Uo agfpg ;do lng] clg hlxn] klg xfdLx¿sf]
ljZjf; abNg] / c¿nfO{ lrQ ga'‰g] tYox¿ hlxn] klg xfdL
;dIf /fVg cfP To;nfO { :jLsf/ ug {] . o:tf ] ug {] Pshgf
JolQm cjZo klg ljåfg \ xG' 5 / ;To 1fg kf| Kt ug {] sfod{ f b9[
xG' 5 . h ] egs] f ] 5 To;nfO { dfq ljZjf; ug {] af6f ] ;/n 5 .
a'4dfu{sf] nflu ;fx;, w}o{, nrstf / a'l4dtf x'g' cfjZos
5 .
k|Zg M d]/f] ljrf/df s]xL AolQmx¿n] dfq o;f] ug{ ;Snfg\ .
To;}n] s]xL AolQmn] dfq o:tf] cEof; ug{ ;S5g\ eg] a'4wd{sf]
;f/ g} s] eof] / <
pQ/ M of] ;To xf], ;a}hgf a'4wd{sf] nflu tof/ 5}gg\ . t/
klg xfdLn ] wdd{ f h ] l;sfp5“ f +} Tof ] unt 5 t/ ;lhnl} ;t
a'‰g ;lsgfsf] sf/0fn] k|To]sn] cEof; ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] s'/fg}
cgf}7f] 5 . a'4wd{ ;Totfdf nlIft x'G5 / To;}n] ;a}n] o;nfO{
/fd/| L a‰' g ;Sg ] Ifdtf gePtf klg pgLx¿ csf {] hg' Ldf
56 !fg / s?)ff k|Zgf]Q/ 57
o;sf] nflu ;fob tof/ x'G5g\ . h]ePtf klg To:tf w]/}
dflg;x¿ 5g\ hf] 7Ls zAbx¿ dfqn] jf k|f]T;fxgn] cfºgf]
1fg a9fpg of]Uo x'G5g\ . clg o;}sf/0fsf] nflu g} af}4x¿
lj:tf/} zflGtk"j{s cfºgf a'4wd{sf 1fgx¿ c¿nfO{ klg af“8\g]
k|of; ub{5g\ . a'4n] xfdLx¿nfO{ s¿0ff /fvL lzIff lbg'ePsf]
5 / xfdLx¿n ] klg c¿dfly s¿0ff /fvL l;sfpb“ 5f +} .
kZ| g M ca s¿0ffdf cfOkU' of +} . a4' wd { cg;' f/ s¿0ff egs] f ] s]
xf] <
pQ/ M 1fgn] xfdLx¿sf] :jefjsf] af}l4s cyjf eGg of]Uo
s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z u/] h:t} s¿0ffn] xfdLx¿sf] :jefjsf]
efjgfTds cyjf dxz;" ug {] kIf ;dfjz] ub5{ . 1fg h:t}
s¿0ff klg ljz]if u/L dfgjLo u'0f xf] . s¿0ff (Compassion)
cu+ h]| Ldf bO' { zAbx¿ ldn/] ags] f ] 5 . Co h;sf]
cy{;“u} eGg] x'G5 / (Passion) h;sf] cy{ ulx/f] s'/fsf]
dx;"; eGg] x'G5 . clg (Compassion) s¿0ff eg]sf] oxL
g } xf ] . ha xfdLx¿ c¿ s;n} fO { bM' v k/s] f ] bV] 5f +} / xfdLx¿n]
Tof ] bM' v cfkmn} fO { k/s] f ] h:tf ] dxz;" u5f +} / To;nfO { x6fpg
jf bM' v sd ug { hg' ko| f; u5f {+} eg ] ToxL g } s¿0ff xf ] .
To;}n] dflg;x¿df ;a}eGbf c;n ;a} a'4s} h:t} u'0fx¿–
h:t} af“8]/ lng], cf/fd lbg tof/ x'g], ;fGTjgf lbg], lrGtf
lng] / /v] bv] ug {] cflb ;a } s/0ffsf Bft] sljlb kIf xg' \ .
s¿0ffjfg \ JolQmdf c¿nfO { /v] bv] ug {] / dfof ug {] efjgfsf]
pTklQ cfkmn} fO { /v] bv] ug {] / dfof ugd{] f xG' 5 eGg ] s/' f klg
tkfOn+{ ] yfxfkfpg ' xg' 5] . xfdLn ] xfdLx¿nfO { a‰' g ;Sof +} eg]
xfdLx¿n ] c¿nfO { klg ;fR“ g } g } a‰' g ;Sg5] f +} . ;ae} Gbf c;n
s'/f s] xf] eGg] yfxf kfP kl5 xfdLx¿n] c¿x¿sf] nflu
;ae} Gbf c;n s/' f ] s ] xf ] eGg ] s/' f yfxf kfpg ;Sg5] f +} .
xfdLn] cfkm}nfO{ lrGg ;s]kl5 xfdLx¿n] c¿nfO{ klg lrGg
;Sg5] f +} . To;n} ] a4' wdd{ f a9L kf| sl[ ts 9u+ n ] Pp6fsf ] cfWoflTds
ljsf;n] c¿sf] sNof0fsf] nflu lrGtf k|:km'l/t eP/ cfp“5 .
a'4sf] hLjgLn] o;nfO{ cem lj:t[t u/]sf] 5 . pgn] cfºg}
sNof0fsf] nflu ^ jif{ ;+3if{ u/L latfP . To;kl5 pgL ;a}
dfgjdfqsf] lgldQ sNof0fsf/L dflgg of]Uo eP .
kZ| g M To;f ] eP tkfO +{ eGb } xg' x' G' 5 ls xfdLn ] cfkmn} fO { d2t
ug { ;sd] fq xfdLx¿n ] c¿nfO { c;n t/Lsfn ] d2t ug { ;Sg5] f +} .
s] of] clnslt :jfyL{ s'/f ePg / <
pQ/ M ;fwf/0ftof xfdL klxn ] c¿sf ] enfOnfO { xb] 5{ f,+} cfºgf]
eGbf klxnf c¿sf ] lrGtf lnG5f +} hg' :jfyL { efjgfsf ] 7Ls
58 !fg / s?)ff k|Zgf]Q/ 59
pN6f] 5 h;df c¿k|lt eGbf klxn] cfºg} dfq jf:tf ub{5 .
a4' wdn{ ] of ] klxnf ] jf bf;] f| n] fO { dfq xb“' g} ls a¿ ba' s} f]
;lDd>0fnfO { lnb“ 5} . jf:tjdf cfºgf ] lrGtf ugn{] ] la:tf/}
c¿sf ] lrGtf ugl{] t/ a9b\ 5 h;/L Psn ] c¿nfO { ;fR“ r } cfkm"
;dfg 7fGb5 . oxL g} jf:tljs s¿0ff xf].
;To xf] ls s'g} s'g} o:tf Jojxf/ / rngx¿ 5g\ h'g a'4sf
pkb]zx¿df cfwfl/t x'g'eGbf klg cGwljZjf; / cgle1tfaf6
pTkGg ePsf 5g\ / To:tf] cgle1tf a'4wd{df dfq kfOg]
xf]Og t/ o:tf] ;a} wd{¿df ;do ;dodf pTkGg x'G5g\ .
a'4n] o; ljifodf k"0f{ JofVof u/L k|i6;“u lzIff lbg'ePsf]
5 . o;df s;}n] klg k"0f{ ¿kdf a'‰g ;St}g eg] a'4nfO{ bf]if
lbg ;lsGg . Pp6f pvfg 5– olb Pp6f /f]u nfu]sf] Pp6f
dflg;n] cfºgf] ghLsdf a}B 5“bf 5“b} klg cf}iflw pkrf/
u/fp“b}g eg] o;df Tof] a}Bsf] s] bf]if <
To;/L g} cGwsf/¿kL Sn]z Joflwn] u|:t eO{ cfs'n
Jofs'n eO/x]sf dflg;x¿n] a'4sf] d2t lng vf]Hb}gg\ eg]
Tof] bf]if a'4sf] xf]Og .
(J N 28-9)
g t a'4 wd{ jf c¿ s'g} wd{nfO{ To:tf dflg; h;n]
wds{ f ] c;n cEof; g } ubg{} eg ] p;n ] To;nfO { hfR“ g klg
;Qmg} . olb tkfOn“{ ] a4' wds{ f ] jf:tljs lzIff OR5f hfGg]
/fVg' x'G5 eg] a'4 jrg k9\g'xf];\ jf a'4wd{nfO{ ;xL cy{df
a‰' gx] ¿;u“ s/' fsflg ugx{' f;] \ .
k|Zg M olb a'4wd{ TolQsf] c;n 5 eg] s]xL af}4 d'n'sx¿
lsg u/La 5g\ <
pQ/ M olb u/Lasf] cy{ cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] lng] xf] eg] ;To
xf] ls s]xL af}4 d'n'sx¿ u/La 5g\ . t/ olb u/La eGgfn]
hLjgsf] u/LaL u'0f ;Demg' x'G5 eg] ;fob s]xL af}4 d'n'sx¿
c;fWo wgL 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu cd]l/sf cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn]
wgL tyf zlQm ;DkGg d'n's xf] . t/ Toxf“sf] ck/fw b/
;;+ f/sf ] ;a } dn' s' x¿df eGbf a9L 5– nfvfs+} f ] ;V+ ofdf a9' f
a9' Lx¿nfO { cfºgf 5f/] f 5f/] Lx¿n ] jf:tf ubg{} g \ . clg PSnfk] gdf
g} a[4 cf>dx¿df db{5g\ / Toxf“ 3/fo;L snx / afn
ck/fw h:tf 7"nf ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ . k|To]s tLg ljjfxdWo]
Pp6f kf/kfr's]df 6'lËG5 / j]Zofj[lQ k|z:t dfqfdf kfOG5 .
k};fsf] ;DaGwdft wgL 5g\ . t/ hLjgsf] u'0f ;DaGwdf eg]
u/La of 3l6of 5g\ . ca adf{nfO{ lnp“ – h'g cfly{s b[li6sf]0fdf
k5fl8 5 . cfdf afa'x¿nfO{ cfºgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx¿n] cfb/ ;Tsf/
ub{5g\, ck/fwsf] b/ t'ngfTds b[li6n] sd 5 . kf/kfr's]
tyf cfTdxTof h:tf zAbx¿ k|foM ;'Gg klg kfO“b}g . oL
3/fo;L lab|f]x tyf afnck/fw / cZnLn t:jL/ tyf
j]Zofj[lQsf] :jLs[lQsf] cl:tTj g} 5}g . cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn]
k5fl8 cjZo 5 t/ hLjgsf] u'0f eg] ;fob cd]l/sfsf] eGbf
w]/} pRr:t/sf] 5 . olb cfly{s ¿kdf dfq af}4 b]zx¿nfO{
8 a$' wd { s ] xf ] < k|Zgf]Q/ 9
k|Zg M af}4x¿ zfsfxf/L x'g'kb{5, xf]Og / <
pQ/ M cfjZos 5}g . a'4 zfsfxf/L x'g'x'Gg lyof] . pxf“n]
cfºgf lziox¿nfO{ zfsfxf/L x'g] lzIff lbg'ePg / clxn] klg
5}g . w]/} c;n af}4x¿ 5g\ hf] slxNo} klg zfsfxf/L ePgg\ .
kZ| g M t/ olb tkfO +{ df; ' vfgx' G' 5 eg ] cbZ[ o ¿kn ] kf| 0fL3ftkl| t
pQ/bfoL x'g'x'G5 . o;n] klxnf] zLn eË ePg / <
pQ/ M of ] ;To xf ] ls ha tkfO { df;s' f ] ;j] g ugx{' G' 5 eg]
tkfO{ k/f]If / cf+lzs ¿kdf k|f0fL lx+;fdf pQ/bfoL x'g'x'G5
t/ To;/L g } ;To xf ] ls hg' an] f tkfO +{ ;fu;AhLsf ] ;j] g
ugx{' G' 5 . ;fu;AhLx¿ tkfOs+{ f ] vfgfsf ] yfndf sL/fn ] vfPsf
Kjfnx¿ /lxt xf]pmg\ eGgfvflt/ ls;fgn] klg cfºgf]
cGgafnLdf sL6f0f'gf;s cf}iflw / ljif 5s{g'kb{5 . clg km]l/
klg tkfO{+sf] sd/k]6Lsf] nflu cyjf Xof08Jofusf] nflu
5fnf kfpg hLjhGtx' ¿nfO { dfl/G5, tkfOn+{ ] ko| fu] ug {] ;fag' sf]
60 zfsfxf/L k|Zgf]Q/ 61
nflu klg s]xL g s]xL dfl/G5g\ . s'g} g s'g} k|sf/n] c¿x¿sf]
d[To'sf] nflu k/f]If¿kn] pQ/bfoL geO{ af“Rg k|foM c;Dej
5 . of ] Pp6f klxnf ] cfo;{ Tosf ] csf {] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf ] .
;fwf/0f cl:tTj g } bM' v / c;Gti' 6L xf ] . ha tkfO +{ klxnf]
zLn ux| 0f ugx{' G' 5 ta tkfO +{ kT| oIf¿kdf kf| 0fL3ft uga{ f6
pQ/bfoL x'g klG5g' x'G5 .
kZ| g M dxfofgL af4} x¿ df;s' f ] ;j] g ubg{} g \ .
pQ/ M Tof] s'/f ;To xf]Og . rLgdf dxfofgL af}4 wd{n]
zfsfxf/L x'gdf 7"nf] hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 t/ hfkfg / ltAatsf
dxfofgL k/Dk/fsf b'a} leIf' tyf pkf;s pkfl;sfx¿n]
;fwf/0ftof df;'sf ;]jg ub{5g\ .
k|Zg M t/ d cem} klg eGb5' ls af}4x¿ zfsfxf/L g} x'g'kb{5 .
pQ/ M olb Pp6f dflg; hf] cToGt s§/ zfsfxf/L 5 t/ pm
c;fWo :jfyL,{ c;Eo, gLr 5 / csf {] Pp6f dflg; hf ] zfsfxf/L
xf]Og t/ pm c¿sf] ljrf/ u5{, OdfGbf/ 5, pbf/ 5 / bofn'
5 eg] oL b'O{hgf dWo] s'g rf“lx c;n af}4 x'g\ <
k|Zg M Tof] dflg;, hf] OdfGbf/ / bofn' 5 .
pQ/ M lsg <
k|Zg M lsgeg] To:tf] dflg; lgZroklg c;n Xbosf] x'G5 .
pQ/ M cjZo . Pshgf df;s' f ] ;j] g ug {] dflg;sf ] Xbo z4'
xg' ;Sb5 . 7Ls To;/L g } Pshgf df;s' f ] ;j] g gugs{] f ] Xbo
cz4' xg' ;Sb5 . af4} lzIffdf tkfOn+{ ] ;j] g ug {] vfgfdf
;dfjz] ul/Psf s/' fx¿eGbf tkfOs+{ f ] Xbosf ] u0' f a9L dxTjk0" f{
s/' f xf ] . w/] } h;f ] af4} x¿ slxNo } df;s' f ] ;j] g klg gugd{' f
7"nf] Vofn /fVb5g\ t/ pgLx¿ :jfyL{ x'g], OdfGbf/ gx'g], b'i6
cyjf Oi{ ofn{ ' xg' ] s/' fdf eg ] jf:tf g } ubg{} g \ . pgLx¿n]
cfºgf] cfxf/ abNb5g\ h'g ;lhnf] klg 5 t/ Xbo kl/jt{g,
hg' ug { ufxf| ] 5, ugd{ f klg jf:tf ubg{} g \ . To;n} ] tkfO+{
zfsfxf/L xg' x' f;] \ of df;+ fxf/L a4' wdd{ f cfºgf ] dg z4' ug {' g}
;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] eGg] ;DemL /fVg'k5{ .
kZ| g M tkfOn+{ ] clxn;] Dd h ] eGge' of ] ;f ] ;f¥x } rfv nfUof ] . d
s;/L af}4 x'g ;S5' <
pQ/ M Ps ;dodf pkfln eGg] Pshgf dflg; lyof] . pm c¿
g} wd{sf] cg'ofoL lyof] . pm a'4 sxf“ 5nkmn ug{ / jxf“nfO{
wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg] x]t'n] Toxf“ uof] . t/ a'4;“u s'/fsfgL
u/]kl5 pm olQsf] k|efljt eof] ls p;n] a'4sf] cg'ofoL aGg]
lg0f{o u¥of] . t/ a'4n] eGg' eof]–
æklxn ] /fd/| L hfr“ /] x/] . tkfO +{ h:tf ] kl| ;4 JolQmn]
/fd/| L hfr“ /] xg] {' /fdf| ] xg' 5] .Æ
ca eujfg\n] dnfO{ æklxn] /fd|/L hf“r u/Æ egL
eGg ' xb“' f d cem w/] {} v;' L / ;Gti' 6 eP “ lsgeg ] olb c¿
wd{sf ;b:ox¿n] dnfO{ lziosf] ¿kdf u|x0f u/] eg] ltgLx¿n]
xftdf em08f lnP/ zx/sf] rf/}lt/ pkfln æxfdLx¿sf] wd{df
cfPÆ eGb} 3'Dg] unf{g\ t/ eujfg\n] dnfO{ eGg'eof] æklxn]
9= af}$ x'g'
/fd/| L hfr“ /] x/] . tkfO +{ h:tf ] kl| ;4 JolQmn ] /fd/| L hfr“ /] xg] {'
/fd|f] x'g]5 .Æ
dlHemdlgsfo @–#&(
a'4wd{df ;dembf/L Psbd} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 /
;dembf/Ldf ;do nfUb5 . To;}n] x8a8 u/L a'4wd{df nfUg'
kbg{} . ;do np] m, kZ| gx¿ u/ / /fd/| L ljrf/ u//] x/] clg
cfkm} g} lg0f{o u/ . a'4n] a9L ;+Vofdf lziox¿ agfpg] OR5f
uge{' Psf ] lyPg . dflg;x¿n ] /fd/| L hfr“ /] x/] /] clg oyfyt{ fnfO{
ljrf/ u/]/ cfºgf lzIffx¿ /fd|/L kfng u¿g\ eGg] s'/fdf
pxf“ lrlGtt x'g'x'GYof] .
k|Zg M olb hf“r]/ x]bf{ a'4sf] lzIff :jLsf/ of]Uo kfP“ / af}4 x'g
rfx +] eg ] dn} ] ta s ] ug {' knf { <
pQ/ M /fd|f] ljxf/ cyjf af}4 ;d'bfodf ;dfj]z x'g' g} ;a}eGbf
/fdf| ] xfn] f . pgLx¿nfO { ;xofu] ugx{' f;] / pgLx¿af6 klg
;xof]u lng'xf];\ / a'4sf] lzIffnfO{ cem a9L yfxf kfpg
lg/Gt/ nfUgx' f;] \ . ha tkfO +{ tof/ xg' x' fn] f ta lq/Tgsf]
z/0f uO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf af}4 x'g'x'g]5 .
k|Zg M lqz/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/ M z/0f eg]sf] To:tf] 7fp“ xf] hxf“ dflg;x¿ cfkm"nfO{
68 af$} xg' ' k|Zgf]Q/ 69
b'Mv kbf{ cyjf ;'/Iffsf] cfjZos kbf{ hfg] u5{g\ . z/0f w]/}
lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . ha dflg;x¿ b'MvL x'G5g\ ltgLx¿ cfºgf
;fyLx¿sf] z/0fdf hfG5g\, ha pgLx¿ lrlGtt / eoeLt
x'G5g\ ta ltgLx¿ em"7f] cfzf / ljZjf;sf] z/0fdf nfU5g\ .
ha ltgLx¿df d[To' cfOnfU5 ta ltgLx¿ cnf}lss :ju{sf]
ljZjf;df z/0f n]nfg\ . t/ a'4n] eGg'eP h:t} logLx¿dWo]
s'g} klg ;f“rf z/0f xf]Ogg\ lsgeg] ltgLx¿n] oyfy{tfdf
cfwfl/t ;'v / ;'/Iff lbg ;Sb}gg\ .
;f“rf] cy{df of] z/0f ;'/lIft 5}g . of] pQd z/0f
klg xf]Og . ;a} k|sf/sf] b'Mvaf6 5'6\sf/f kfpg] z/0f klg
5}g . t/ h;n] b'Mv, b[Zosf] sf/0f, b'Mvsf] lg/f]w / b'MvnfO{
lg/fw] ug {] cfoc{ i6fl+ us dfun{ fO { k1| f bl[ i6n ] x/] L a4' , wd { /
;+3sf] z/0f lng' g} jf:tjdf ;'/lIft z/0f, pQd z/0f xf] .
oxL z/0f lnPdf hf] sf]xL klg ;a} k|sf/sf b'Mvx¿af6 d'Qm
x'g;Qm5 .
wDdkb !*(–!(@
a'4sf] z/0fdf hfg', a'4n] k|fKt u/] h:t} ;j{1 af]lw1fg
kf| Kt ug { ;lsG5 eGg ] lglZrt ¿kn ] :jLsf/ ug {' xf ] . wds{ f]
z/0f lng'sf] cy{ xf]– rt'/fo{;TotfnfO{ oyfy{ ¿kdf a'‰g'
tyf cfºgf] hLjg cfo{ci6f+lusdfu{df cfwfl/t agfpg' . ;+3sf]
z/0fdf hfg'sf] cy{ xf]– cfo{ ci6f+lus dfu{df lx8\g]x¿af6
;xofu] , k/]| 0ff / dfu { lgbz{] g kfpg ' . o:tf ] ugfn{ ] af4} xfO] G5
/ lgjf{0fsf] af6f]lt/ Ps kfOnf cl3 a9fpg ;lsG5 .
kZ| g M tkfOn+{ ] klxnf ] lqz/0f lng ' ePbl] v tkfOs+{ f ] hLjgdf s]
s] kl/jt{gx¿ eP <
pQ/ M @%)) jif { otfbl] v c;V+ o nfvf +} nfv c¿x¿n ] h:t}
a'4sf] lzIffn] o; s7f]/ ;+;f/df s]xL nfesf/L ePsf] d}n]
kfP“ . cy{xLg hLjgnfO{ pgLx¿n] cy{ lbP . pgLx¿n] dnfO{
dfgjLo / sf¿l0fs gLlt lbP h;n] d]/f] hLjg 8f]¥ofpg] 5 /
dn} ] s;/L csf {] hl' gdf ljz4' tf / ;j1{ tf kf| Kt ug { ;Sg5] '
eGg] b]vfO{ lbPsf] 5 .
k|frLg ef/tsf Pshgf sljn] n]Vg' ePsf] 5 ls–
pxf“sf] z/0f hfg', pxf“sf] u'0f ufpg', pxf“sf] ;Ddfg
ug {' / wds{ f ] lgod kfng ug {' egs] f ] /fdf| l] ;t ae' m/] sfo { ug{'
xf] .
d oL zAbx¿l;t k"0f{ ;xdt 5' .
æTo:t} d klg ;xdt 5' .Æ
v
2= a'$wd{sf df}lns l;$fGtx?
k|Zg M a'4sf d'Vo pkb]z s] s] x'g\ <
pQ/ M a'4sf ;a} h;f] pkb]zx¿ rt'/fo{;Todf s]lGb|t 5g\ .
h;/L Pp6f rqmsf] dWodf To;sf ;a} ;'Ox¿ / 3]/f s]lGb|t
x'G5g\ To;/L g} cfo{;Tox¿ rf/j6f 5g\ . To;}n] …rt'/Ú elgPsf]
xf] . ltgLx¿nfO{ h;n] /fd|/L a'‰b5 To;nfO{ 1fgL agfOlbG5 .
To;}n] cfo{ elgPsf] xf] . / logLx¿ ;To 5g\ tyf
jf:tljstfl;t ldNb5g\ . To;}n] ltgLx¿nfO{ æ;ToÆ elgPsf]
xf] .
k|Zg M klxnf] cfo{ ;To s'g xf] <
pQ/ M hLjg g} b'Mv xf] eGg] klxnf] cfo{ ;To xf] . af“Rgsf]
lgldQ bM' v ugk{' 5 { . sg' } lsl;dsf ] bM' vsf ] cge' j ljgf afR“ g'
c;Dej 5 . xfdLx¿n] /f]u Aoflw, 3fp, rf]6, ysfj6, a'9\ofO“
tyf cGTodf d[To' h:tf zf/Ll/s b'Mv ef]Ug'kb{5 / xfdLx¿n]
PSnf]kg, cfTd c;Gtf]if, 8/, qf;, dfgl;s lrGtf, xtf]T;fx,
18 a$' wds{ f dfl} ns l;$fGtx? k|Zgf]Q/ 19
/L; cflb h:tf dfgl;s b'Mvx¿ klg ;xg'kb{5 .
k|Zg M s] of] s]xL dfqfdf lg/fzfjfbL 5}g <
pQ/ M lg/fzfjfbnfO{ zAbsf]ifn] kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 ls æh'g;'s}
s'/f x'G5 eg] Tof] v/fa g} x'g]5 eg]/ ;f]Rg] afgLÆ cyjf
æc;neGbf klg v/fa a9L zlQmzfnL 5 eGg] ljZjf; .Æ
a'4wd{n] of] s'/fsf] lzIff lb“b}g . g t o;n] ;'vsf] cl:tOEj 5
egL c:jLsf/ g} u5{ . o;n] ;/n tl/sfn] eGb5 ls lhpg'
egs] f ] g } zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s bM' vsf ] cge' j ug {' xf ] . hg'
s'/f Psbd} ;To tyf Psbd} cjZoDefjL 5 ls o;nfO{
c:jLsf/ ug{ g} ;ls“b}g . w]/} h;f] wd{x¿sf] ;f/e"t ljrf/wf/f
kf}/fl0fs syf xf] . Pp6f k/Dk/fut syf cyjf ljZjf; h;nfO{
s]nfP/ x]g{ sl7g 5 jf c;Dej 5 . Pp6f em"7f] k|dfl0ft ug{
g;lsg] ;To, Pp6f ;a}n] hfg]sf] s'/f, ;a}n] cg'ej u/]sf] /
To;nfO{ lhTg ;a}n] sf]lzz ul//x]sf] Pp6f cg'ejaf6 a'4wd{sf]
k|f/De x'G5 . To;}n] a'4wd{ dfq jf:tjdf ljZjwd{ xf] . lsg
eg] o;n] k|To]s dfgjl;t ;DalGwt b'Mv / To;nfO{ s;/L
TofUg] eGg] s'/fdf leq;Dd k|j]z u/]sf] 5 .
k|Zg M bf];|f] cfo{ ;To s'g xf] <
pQ/ M …;a} b'Mv t[i0ffsf] sf/0fn] g} k}bf x'G5Ú eGg] s'/f bf];|f]
cfo { ;To xf ] . olb xfdLx¿n ] dfgl;s bM' vnfO { x¥] of +} eg]
t[i0ffsf] sf/0fn] of] s;/L x'G5 eGg] s'/f x]g{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
ha xfdLx¿ sg' } s/' fsf ] rfxgf u5f {+} To;an] f To;nfO { kfpg
;sg] f “} eg ] c;Gti' 6 ePsf ] yfxf kfp5“ f +} . ha s;nfO { cfkmn" ]
cfzf u/;] Dd afr“ f;] \ eGg ] xfdL cfzf /fVb5f “} kl5 To:tf]
ePg eg ] c;xfo / lg/fz ePsf ] cge' j u5f “{} . ha xfdLx¿nfO{
c¿n ] dg k/fpg \ eGg ] rfxG5f +} t/ pgLx¿n ] To;f ] ubg{} g \ eg]
cfkmd" fly cf3ft k/s] f ] cge' j u5f {+} . slxn ] sfx“ L xfdLn ] sx] L
s/' fsf ] rfxgf u5f “{} / kf| Kt ug { ;Sof “} eg ] klg To;n ] ;v' sf]
af6f]df 8f]¥ofpg ;Sb}g lsg ls w]/} ;do glaTb} Tof] a:t'
xfd|f] lgldQ lg/; ePsf] cfefif x'G5 To;k|lt df]x x6]/ hfG5
/ c¿ g} a:t'sf] rfxgflt/ dg bf}l8;s]sf] x'G5 . o;nfO{
;lhnf] lsl;dn] eGg] xf] eg] xfdLn] OR5f u/]sf j:t' kfp“bf
klg To;n ] ;v' lbG5 eGg ] sg' } e/f;] f xb“' g} eGg ' g } bf;] f| ]
cfo{;Tosf] egfO xf] . nuftf/ cfkm"n] rfx]sf a:t'x¿ k|fKt
ug{df ;+3if{ ul//xg' eGbf klg cfºgf OR5fnfO{ ;dofg's"n
9fNg] sf]lzz u/ . rfxgfn] xfdLx¿nfO{ ;+t'i6L / ;'vaf6
6f9f n}hfG5 .
k|Zg M rfxgf / t[i0ffn] zf/Ll/s b'Mvlt/ s;/L n}hfG5 <
pQ/ M o:tf ] ug {] To:tf ] ug {] eGg ] hLjg e/sf ] rfxgf / ti[ 0ffn]
vf; u/L t[i0ff a9\b} uP kl5 Pp6f o:tf] zlQmsf] ;[hgf u5{
h;sf ] sf/0f dflg;n ] kg' hG{ d lng ' kg {] xG' 5 . ha xfdL kml] /
20 a$' wds{ f dfl} ns l;$fGtx? k|Zgf]Q/ 21
hGdG5f,“} xfdf| ] z/L/ xG' 5 clg xfdLn ] cl3 g } elgxfNof “} ls
z/L/df ;lhn} 3fprf]6, /f]uAoflw nfUb5, sfdn] of] lzlyn
x'g;S5, of] a'l9+b} hfG5 / cGtdf d[To' x'G5 . o;sf/0f t[i0ffn]
zf/Ll/s b'Mvsf] af6f]df 8f]¥ofp“5 lsgeg] o;n] xfdLnfO{
kg' hG{ d lngk' g {] u/fp5“ .
k|Zg M tL ;a} g} 7Ls 5g\ . t/ olb xfdLn] Ps};fy rfxgfsf]
nufd aGb u¥of “} eg ] slxNo } klg sx] Lklg kf| Kt ug { ;Sbg} f “} .
pQ/ M ;To xf] . t/ a'4n] s] pkb]z lbg'ePsf] 5 eg] ha
xfd|f] OR5f, t[i0ff, cfkm";“u h] 5 To;af6 nuftf/ x'g] xfd|f]
c;Gtl' i6 clg xfdLx¿sf ] cem w/] } w/] } kf| Kt ug {] OR5fn ] xfdLnfO{
bM' v xG' 5 eg ] o:tf ] sfo { ug {] s/' faf6 xfdL /fl] sgk' 5 { . pxfn“ ]
xfdLx¿nfO{ eGg'x'G5 ls xfdLnfO{ s] cfjZos 5 / xfdL s]
rfxG5f +} 56' o\ fpg ' / xfdLx¿sf ] cfjZostfsf ] nflu sfl] zz
ug {" clg cfºgf ] rfxgfnfO { ;fx] L cg¿' k ljrf/ ug {" . pxf“
eGg'x'G5 sL xfdLx¿sf] cfjZostf k"/f x'g ;St5, t/ xfd|f
rfxgfx¿ eg] ;tx gePsf] vf8n h:tf] . c;Lldt 5g\, s'g}
s'g} geO gx'g] cfjZostf 5g\, df}lns 5g\ / k|fKt ug{
;lsG5 clg o;sf ] kf| lKtsf nflu sfd ugk{' 5 { . o;eGbf
afx]ssf OR5fx¿ lj:tf/} lj:tf/} 36fP/ nfg'kb{5 . cflv/df hLjgsf]
p2Z] o s ] xf ] / < OlR5t j:t ' kf| Kt ug {' cyjf ;Gti' 6 xg' ' / ;v' L xg' '
xf] .
kZ| g M tkfOn{ ] kg' hG{ Hdsf ] s/' f uge{' of ] t/ To:tf ] xG' 5 eGg ] sg' }
k|df0f 5 / <
pQ/ M o:tf s'/f x'G5g\ eGg] k|z:t k|df0fx¿ 5g\ t/ o;
;DaGwdf lj:tt[ ¿kdf kl5 xg] 5{] f +} .
k|Zg– t];|f] cfo{ ;To s'g xf] <
pQ/– b'MvnfO{ lhTg ;lsG5 / ;'v k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] t];|f]
cfo{ ;To xf] . rf/ cfo{;Tox¿ dWo] oxL g} ;a}eGbf dxOEjk"0f{
xf] lsg ls o;}df a'4n] k'glj{Zjf; lbnfpg' ePsf] 5 ls
jf:tljs ;'v / ;Gt'li6 o;}df ;Dej 5 . ha xfdL sfd
gnfUg ] ti[ 0ffnfO { TofUb5f +} / kT| os] lbgsf ] x/ kn cl:y/
rfxgfx¿ ljgf g } ;v' L ;fy afR“ g l;S5f +} / wo} s{ f ;fy hLjg
qf; lagf 3[0ff / /L; ljgf ;d:ofx¿ em]Nb} hLjgn] lbg]
cge' jx¿ lnb“ } afR“ g l;S5f +} ta xfdL vz' L / :jtGq xg' 5] f +} .
clg To;an] f dfq xfdL k0" f { hLjglgjfx{ ug { ;S5f +} . lsgeg]
xfdLnfO { xfdf| ] :jfyL { rfxgfn ] ;Gti' 6 ug {] lrGtfaf6 u:| t ug{
5fl] 8;ss] f ] xG' 5 ta xfdLn ] c¿nfO { ;xofu] ug {] / pgLx¿sf]
cfjZos k/" f ug {] w/] } ;do kfpb“ 5f +} . o; } cj:yfnfO { lgjf0{ f
elgG5 . xfdLx¿ dfgl;s bM' vaf6 klg dl' Qm kfpb“ 5f +} . o;n} fO{
clGtd lgjf{0f elgG5 .
k|Zg M lgjf{0f s] xf] / sxf“ 5 <
22 a$' wds{ f dfl} ns l;$fGtx? k|Zgf]Q/ 23
pQ/ M of] Pp6f ;do / cfsfzeGbf klg k5fl8sf] cfotg
xf ] . o;s} f/0f o; ljifodf s/' fsflg ug {' jf ;fR] g ' klg ufxf| ]
5 . ;do, cfsfz / cfotgsf] ljifo dfq eGg] zAbx¿ 5g\
jf ljrf/ ug{ ;'xfp“5g\ . t/ lsgeg] lgjf{0f eg]sf] sfneGbf
kl/ k/ ePsf]n] To;df ult 5}g . o;sf/0f ;dodf a"9f] x'g]
jf dg {] eGg ] g } xb“' g} . To;sf/0f lgjf0{ f egs] f ] cgGt xf]
lsgls of] cfsfzeGbf klg ljzfn ePsf]n] o;df s'g} x]t'
5}g, s'g} ;Ldf 5}g, cfTdkgsf] l;4fGt 5}g / cgfTd 5 .
o;sf/0f lgjf{0f cgGt / z"Go 5 . a'4n] xfdLx¿nfO{ ljZjf;
lbnfpg' ePsf] 5 ls lgjf{0f eg]sf] Pp6f cgGt ;'vsf] cg'ej
xf] . pxf“ eGg'x'G5–
lgAaf0f+ k/d+ ;'v+ .
ælgjf{0f eg]sf] dxf;'v xf] .Æ
wDdkb @)$
k|Zg– t/ s] o:tf] cj:yfsf] cl:tTj 5 eGg] To:tf] s]xL k|df0f 5 <
pQ/– 5}g . To:tf] s]xL 5}g . t/ o;sf] cl:tTj 5 eGg] s'/f
lgisif{df Nofpg ;lsG5 . olb Toxf“ Pp6f cfotg 5 hxf“
;do / cfsfznfO{ rfNg ;lsG5 ta Toxf“ To:tf] cfotgo'Qm
;;+ f/df eg ] xfdLx¿ of ] lgisif { lgsfNg ;Sb5f +} ls oxf “ Pp6f
cfotg 5 hxf“ ;do / cfsfznfO{ rnfpg ;lsGg Tof] xf]
lgjf{0f . xfdLx¿n] k|dfl0ft ug{ g;s]klg lgjf{0fsf] cl:tOEj
5 . xfdLx¿df o;sf] cl:tOEj 5 eGg] a'4 jrg klg 5 .
a'4n] pkb]z lbg' ePsf] 5–
æToxf“ Pp6f hGd gePsf], gagfOPsf], ;dL>0f
gul/Psf] s'/f 5 . olb To:tf] 5}g eg] of] hGd gePsf],
gagfOPsf], gldl;Psf] cj:yfdf hlGdg], x'g], agfOg],
;ld>0faf6 6f9f x'g] agfpg ;lsGg / 5'6sf/f kfpg ;lsGg .
t/ Toxf“ o:tf] hGd gePsf], gagfOPsf], gldl>t cj:yf
ePsf]n] g} hGd eP/ cfpg], agfOg] / ;ld>0f ul/g]af6 6f9f
x'g] s'/f yfxf lbPsf] xf] .Æ
UD 80
o;nfO { ta xfdL yfxf kfp5“ f +} ha kf| Kt u5f +{} . To;
;do;Dd cfkm } lg/Gt/ cEof; ul//xg ;S5f +} .
v
3= a'$wd{ / O{Zj/jfb
k|Zg– s] af}4x¿ O{Zj/df ljZjf; ub{5g\ <
pQ/– xfO] g, xfdL ubg{} f } . o;df w/] } sf/0fx¿ 5g \ . a4' n]
cfw'lgs ;dfhzf:qL tyf dgf]j}1flgsn] h:t} wfld{s efjgfx¿
ljz]if u/L O{Zj/jfb 8/–qf;af6 ;[li6 x'G5 eGg] ljZjf;
ugx{' G' Yof ] . a4' eGgx' G' 5–
æeon] u|:t ePkl5 dflg;x¿ kljq lxdfnodf, kljq
pBfgx¿df, kljq a[Ifx¿ / b]j:ynx¿df hfG5g\ .Æ
DP 188
cflbjf;Lx¿n] vt/gfs tyf cd}qLk"0f{ ;+;f/df ;f/f
h+unL hGt'x¿sf] eoo'Qm cfkm"nfO{ k'Ug] k|z:t cfxf/f vf]Hg
3fprf]6 cyjf /f]uAoflw, lg/Gt/ ah|kft, r6\ofË /
Hjfnfd'vLsf] ljikmf]6 h:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]kx¿sf] ;fdgf u/] .
cfkm"nfO{ c;'/lIft kfP/ O{Zj/sf] efjgf ;[hgf ug{ yfn] tfls
/fd|f lbgx¿df cf/fd kfpg ;lsof];\, vt/fsf] ;dodf ;fx;
24 a$' wd { / OZ{ j/jfb
cfcf;] \ / cfºgf ] sfd laus]| f ] an] fdf ;fGTjgf ldnf;] \ . cfh;Dd
klg tkfOn+{ ] yfxf kfpg ' ePsf ] xfn] f ls ;s+ 6 k/s] f ] an] f
dflg;x¿ a9L wdd{ f sl] Gbt| bl] vG5g \ / hLjg lgjfx{ ug {] an] f
O{Zj/df ljZjf; /fVgfn] O{Zj/n] an k|bfg ub{5g\ eGg] aofg
;'lgG5 . pgLx¿n] Pp6f ljz]if O{Zj/dfly ljZjf; u/]sf]
;l' gG5 . lsgeg ] cfjZos k/s] f ] an] f cf/fwgf ubf { pgLx¿sf]
k|fy{gf cg';f/ kmn ldn]sf] lyof] . oL s'/Fx¿n] a'4sf] pkb]znfO{
;dy{g u/]sf] b]lvG5 ls eo / c;Gt'li6sf] a]nfdf O{Zj/k|ltsf]
efjgf k|s6 x'G5 . cfºgf] eonfO{ a'‰g' kb{5, cfºgf] OR5f
sd ugk{' 5 { / cfkmn" ] abNg g;lsg ] s/' fx¿nfO { rk" rfk tyf
;fx;Ls 9u+ af6 :jLsf/ ugk{' 5 { eGg ] pkbz] a4' n ] xfdLnfO{
lbg'ePsf] 5 . pxf“n] eonfO{ cljj]sk"0f{ ljZjf;eGbf ljj]sk"0f{
;dembf/Ldf abNg'ePsf] 5 .
a4' n ] OZ{ j/sf ] ljZjf; gug {' ePsf ] bf;] f| ] sf/0f of ] xf]
ls o; ljrf/sf] ;dy{gnfO{ 6]jf lbg] s'g} klg k|df0fx¿ k|fKt
ePsf b]lv“b}gg\ . wd{ w]/} k|sf/sf 5g\ . ;a}n] cfºgf] kljq
wfld{s k':tsdf dfq O{Zj/sf jfSox¿ ;';+lrt 5g\, pgLx¿n]
dfq O{Zj/sf] :jefj a'‰g ;s]sf 5g\, pgLx¿sf] wd{df O{Zj/
ePsf] / c¿sf] wd{df O{Zj/ gePsf] bfaL ub{5g\ . s;}–s;}n]
O{Zj/ k'¿if ePsf] s;}n] pgnfO{ :qL:j¿k / s;}n] peolnËL
ePsf] bfjL ub{5g\ . ltgLx¿ ;a} cf–cfºgf O{Zj/sf] cl:tTj
k|Zgf]Q/ 25
ePsf ] kd| fl0ft ug {] kz| :t kd| f0fx¿ ePsfd] f ;a } ;Gti' 6
5g \ . t/ c¿ wdx{ ¿df cs {} OZ{ j/sf ] cl:tTj 5 eGg ] kd| fl0ft
ug {] kd| f0fx¿df eg ] cljZjf; u/L pgLx¿ kl| t xf:“ g ] ub5{ g \ .
Tolt w]/} ljleGg wd{x¿n] cfºgf] O{Zj/sf] cl:tTj k|dfl0ft
ug {] Tolt w/] } ztfAbLx¿ latfpb“ f klg cem;Dd sg' } ;To,
7f];, ;f/k"0f{ cyjf em"7f] k|dfl0ft ug{ g;lsg] k|df0fx¿ kfpg
g;Sg' of] s] cfZro{sf] s'/f xf]Og / < To:tf k|df0fx¿ cufl8
gcfP;Dd af}4x¿n] o; ljifodf cfºgf lg0f{onfO{ :ylut
ub{5g\ .
a'4n] O{Zj/df ljZjf; gu/]sf] t];|f] sf/0f– ljZjf;
cfjZos 5}g eGg] xf] . a|Dxf08sf] ;[li6sf] j0f{g ug{sf] nflu
Pp6f O{Zj/df ljZjf; /fVg' cfjZos 5 egL s;} s;}n] bfjL
u5{g\ t/ o;f] xf]Og . lj1fgn] O{Zj/jfbsf] ljrf/ cufl8
g/flvsg g} a|Dxf08sf] ;[li6 s;/L ePsf] lyof] eGg] s'/f]
;a}nfO{ lrQ a'‰bf] lsl;dn] j0f{g u¥of] . s;} s;}n] ;'vL
tyf cy{k"0f{ hLjgsf] lgldQ O{Zj/df ljZjf; x'g' cfjZos 5
eGg ] bfjL u5g{ \ . o;f ] xfO] g eg/] kml] / klg xfdL eGg ;S5f +} .
af4} x¿sf ] t s ] s/' f oxf “ nfvfs+} f ] ;V+ ofdf cfl:ts tyf :jtGq
ljrf/sx¿ klg 5g\ hf] O{Zj/sf] ljZjf; lagf g} pkof]uL,
;'vL tyf cy{k"0f{ hLjg lgjf{x ul//x]sf 5g\ . s;} s;}n]
dflg; sdhf/] ePsfn] ] cfºgf ] d2t cfkmn} ] ug {] zlQm gePsfn] ]
O{Zj/sf] zlQm cfjZos 5 eGg] bfjL u/]sf 5g\ . km]l/ klg
o; k|df0fn] pN6f]lt/ s]lGb|t ub{5 / b]vfp“b5 . O{Zj/df
ljZjf; gul/sg g} cfºgf cfGtl/s ;|f]tx¿ / ltgLx¿sf]
cfºgf] k|of;af6 g} 7"N7"nf c;dy{tf, eo, 7"n7"nf ck;s'g
tyf sl7gfOx¿ kf/ u/]sf dflg;x¿af6 w]/} h;f] ;'lgG5 .
s;} s;}n] dflg;sf] d'lQmsf] nflu O{Zj/sf] cfjZostf ePsf]
7fGb5g\ . olb d'lQmsf] wfld{s l;4fGt :jLsf/ u/]df dfq of]
ts { sfdofjL xG' 5 t/ af4} x¿ o:tf ] l;4fGt :jLsf/ ubg{} g \ .
cfºg} cg'ejsf] cfwf/df a'4n] b]Vg'eof] ls k|To]s dflg;;“u
dg z4' ug,{] c;Ld bof / s¿0ffsf ] ljsf; tyf oyfy { afw]
ug {] Ifdtf 5 . p;n ] cfºgf ] Wofg :jua{ f6 xb[ odf tfGof ] /
cfTdafw] af6 cfºgf ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg ug {] ;fx; xfdLx¿nfO{
lbof] .
k|Zg– olb O{Zj/ g} gePsf] eP a|Dxf08 s;/L eof] <
pQ/ M ;a} wd{x¿sf cfºg} k/Dk/f / syfx¿ 5g\ h;n] o;
k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg]5g\ . k|frLgsfndf dflg;x¿n] yfxf gkfPsf]
sf/0fn ] To:tf kf/} fl0fs syfx¿ g } kz| :t lyP . t/ aL;f+}
ztfAbLdf ef}lts zf:q, gIfq lj1fg / k[YjL lj1fgsf] o'udf
To:tf kf}/fl0fs syfx¿nfO{ j}1flgs tYox¿n] pl5g] . lj1fgn]
a|Dxf08sf] ;[li6af/] O{Zj/ efjgfdf gnfu]/ g} j0f{g u/]sf] 5 .
26 a$' wd { / OZ{ j/jfb k|Zgf]Q/ 27
k|Zg M a|Dxf08sf] pTklQaf/] a'4n] s] eGg'ePsf] 5 <
pQ/ M a4' n ] aD| xf08sf ] pTklQaf/ ] ug {' ePsf ] JofVof j1} flgs
b[li6sf]0fdf ax't} glhs ePsf] / cToGt rfv nfUbf] 5 .
cU~` ;Q' df a4' n ] ljZjsf ] gfz ePsf ] / nfvf +} jifs{ f ] ;dodf
kg' M jtd{ fg cj:yfdf kf| be' fj{ ePsf ] s/' f j0fg{ uge{' Psf ] 5 .
kfgLsf] ;txdf klxnf] hLjfTdfsf] kl/jt{g / km]l/ c;+Vo nfv
jif{df ;/n 9+uaf6 c;fwf/0f hLjfTdfsf] k|fb'ef{j x'G5 . oL
;a} ljlwx¿ z'¿ / cGTo ljgfsf x'g\ / k|fs[lts sf/0fx¿af6
cl:y/ 5g\ .
kZ| g M tkfO +{ eGgx' G' 5 ls OZ{ j/sf ] cl:tTjsf ] sg' } kd| f0fx¿ g}
5}gg\ . t/ cgf}7f 36gfx¿af/] s] ljrf/ 5 t <
pQ/ M oxf“ cgf}7f 36gfx¿ 36\g' g} O{Zj/sf] cl:tTjsf] k|df0f
xf ] egL ljZjf; ugx{] ¿ w/] } g } 5g \ . /fu] r§ } lgsf ] eof ] egL
Psbd } bfaL u/s] f ] s/' f t xfdL ;G' b5f +} . t/ Pshgf 8fS6/ jf
;hg{ sf ] Pp6f :jtGq kd| f0f eg ] slxNo } klg kfpb“ g} f +} . xfdLn]
kmnfgf] eo+s/ vt/faf6 cgf}7f] 9+un] aRof] /] eGg] c¿x¿af6
;G' b5f +} t/ jf:tjdf s ] ePsf ] lyof ] eGg ] bV] gs] f ] aofg slxNo}
kfpb“ g} f +} . xfdLx¿n ] kf| yg{ f ubf { /fu] Lsf ] z/L/df zlQm kb| fg
eof] jf Pp6f sfd gnfUg] ePsf] c+udf an cfP/ k"g{ lgsf]
eof ] eGg ] xNnf ;G' b5f +} . t/ xfdLx¿n ] slxNo } klg PS;/]
xb] g{} f } jf 8fS6/ jf g;s{ f ] l6Kk0fL ;G' bg} f } . To; } To; } Psbd}
bfjL ug,{] c¿x¿af6 ;G' g ] / xNnfx¿ 7f;] kd| f0f ljgf lng
;lsGg, cgf}7f 36gfx¿sf] 7f]; k|df0f b'n{e k|foM x'G5 . t}klg,
slxn] sf“xL j0f{g gul/Psf] s'/f x'g ;Sb5 . cfzf gul/Psf]
36gf 36g\ ;Sb5 t/ To:tf s/' fx¿ j0fg{ ug {] xfdLx¿sf]
c;dyt{ fn ] OZ{ j/sf ] cl:tTj 5 eGg ] kd| fl0ft ubg{} . o;n]
xfdLx¿df 1fg cem} ck'/f] 5 eGg] dfq k|dfl0ft ub{5 .
cfw'lgs cf}iflwlj1fgsf] ljsf; x'g'eGbf klxn] ha dflg;x¿nfO{
;hfo“ lbg O{Zj/n] /f]unfO{ k7fOlbPsf] xf] eGg] ljZjf; ub{y] .
cfhef]ln /f]u s;/L nfUb5 eGg] s'/f xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 / /f]u
nfus] f ] an] fdf cfi} flwsf ] ;j] g ub5{ f +} . ha xfdLx¿nfO { o;
;+;f/sf] k"/f 1fg x'G5 To;a]nf j0f{g gul/Psf 36gfx¿ s]
sf/0fn ] xG' 5g \ eGg ] s/' f a‰' g ;dy { xg' 5] f +} h;/L cfhefl] n
xfdLx¿n] /f]u s;/L nfUbf] /x]5 eGg] hfGb5f} .
k|Zg M t/ TolQsf dflg;x¿n] O{Zj/sf] Ps g Ps ¿kdf
ljZjf; ub{5g\ . of] t ;To g} x'g'k5{ <
pQ/ M To;f] xf]Og . To:tf] klg ;do lyof] . ha k|To]sn]
k[YjL r]K6f] 5 eGg] ljZjf; ub{y] . t/ ltgLx¿ ;a} unt
lyP . slt hgf dflg;x¿n] To; s'/fnfO{ ljZjf; ub{5g\
eGg] s'/f jf ljrf/n] ;Totf jf c;TotfnfO{ gfKg ;lsb}g .
28 a$' wd { / OZ{ j/jfb k|Zgf]Q/ 29
s'g} s'/f jf ljrf/ ;To xf] jf em"7f] xf] eGg] s'/f xfdLx¿n]
eGg ;Sg] Pp6f pkfo jf af6f] xf]– jf:tljs 36gfnfO{ tyf
kd| f0fx¿nfO { sn] fP/ xg] {' .
kZ| g M olb af4} x¿n ] OZ{ j/dfly ljZjf; ubg{} g \ eg ] s ] df
ljZjf; u5{g\ t <
pQ/ M xfdL OZ{ j/df ljZjf; ubg{} f +} lsgeg ] xfdL dflg;df
ljZjf; ub{5f}+ . k|To]s dfgj cd"No / dxOEjk"0f{ 5 eGg]
ljZjf; ub5{ f +} lsg ls ;ad} f ;j1{ tf a4' OEjsf ] ljsf; ug{]
Ifdtf 5 . xfdL ljZjf; ub{5f}+ ls dflg;n] c1fgtf /
cljj]sLkgnfO{ x6fpg ;S5 / ;a} s'/fx¿nfO{ oyfy{ ¿kdf
xg] { ;S5 . xfdL ljZjf; ub5{ f +} ls 30[ ff, /L;, åi] f Oi{ ofn{ fO{
dfof, w}o{, pbf/tf / bofn'kgn] abNg ;lsG5 . a'4sf] k|fltxfo{sf]
k/]| 0ffn ] / af4} cgo' foLx¿sf ] lgbz{] g tyf ;xofu] df dflg;n]
sf]zL; u/]df oL ;a} s'/fx¿nfO{ cfºgf] xftdf kfg{ ;lsG5
eGg ] ljZjf; ub5{ f +} .
cfkm}n] afx]s xfdLnfO{ s;}n] arfp“b}g . g arfpg
;S5 g arfp“5 g} . xfdL cfkm}n] af6f]df lx+8\g' kb{5 . a'4n]
af6f] ;kmf;“u b]vfpg' ePsf] 5 .
wDdkb !^%
v
30 a$' wd { / OZ{ j/jfb 31
4= k~rzLn
k|Zg M c¿ wd{x¿df s'g 7Ls 5 s'g unt 5 eGg] s'/f O{Zj/
jf O{Zj/x¿sf] jf0fLaf6 lnOG5 . af}4x¿ O{Zj/df ljZjf;
ub}{gg\ To;sf/0f s'g 7Ls s'g a]7Ls eGg] s'/f s;/L yfxf
kfpg' x'G5 <
pQ/ M nf]e, 3[0ff tyf e|daf6 pAh]sf] s'g} klg ljrf/, efif0f
cyjf sfox{ ¿ lgjf0{ fdfua{ f6 6f9f nfg ] xb“' f oL v/fa 5g \ /
sg' } klg ljrf/x¿, efif0f cyjf sfox{ ¿ bfg, kd]| / 1fgaf6
pAHof ] eg ] lgjf0{ fdfu { :jR5 kfgd{ f d2t ug {] xb“' f oL c;n
5g\ .
O{Zj/df s]lGb|t wd{x¿df s'g 7Ls 5 / s'g unt 5
eGg ] s/' f yfxfkfpg tkfOx+{ ¿nfO { h ] elgPsf ] 5 ;f ] ug {] sfz] Lz
ugk{' b5{ , t/ a4' wd { h:t } dfgj sl] Gbt| wdx{ ¿df eg ] s ] 7Ls
5 s] 7Ls 5}g eGg] yfxf kfpg cfkm} ;r]t / cfkm}n] a'‰g
;Sg ] ;fr] fOsf ] ljsf; ugk{' 5 { . 1fg / ljjs] df cfwfl/t Jojxf/
x's'dsf] k|ltpQ/df ul/Psf] Jojxf/eGbf alnof] x'G5 . To;}n]
k|Zgf]Q/
32 33
s] 7Ls s] a]7Ls eGg] yfxf kfpg af}4x¿n] tLgj6f s'/fx¿df
ljrf/ k¥' ofpg ] 5g–\ dg;fo, cfkmd} f kg {] To; sfos{ f ] ke| fj
/ c¿x¿df kg {] sfos{ f ] ke| fj . olb dg;fo c;n 5 eg ] -
bfg, kd]| / 1fgdf cfwfl/t_ olb o;n ] cfkmn} fO { d2t u5 { eg]
-dnfO{ w]/} bfgL x'g] ;xof]u u5{, w]/} dfofn' / 1fgL_ / c¿nfO{
;xof]u u5{ eg] -pgLx¿nfO{ w]/} bfgL x'g d2t u5{, w]/}
dfofn' agfp“5 / w]/} 1fgL x'G5_ ta d}n] u/]sf ;a} sfo{x¿
k"0f{, c;n tyf g}lts x'G5g\ . x'g t o;df w]/} g} cGt/x¿
5g \ . slxn ] sfx“ L d ;a } eGbf c;n dg;foaf6 sfd u5 {' t/
of] cfkm}nfO{ jf c¿nfO{ nfesf/L x'g g;Snf < slxn] sf“xL
d]/f] dg;fo c;n x'g'af6 w]/} 6f9f xf]nf t/ d]/f sfo{x¿n]
c¿x¿nfO { sd;s] d ;xofu] unfg{ \ . slxn ] sfx“ L d /fd}|
dg;fon] sfo{ u¿“nf / d]/f] sfo{n] dnfO{ ;xof]u klg b]nf
t/ o;n] ;fob c¿x¿nfO{ s]xL b'Mv xf]nf . o:tf] cj:yfdf
d]/f sfo{x¿ ldl>t x'G5g\ – Pp6f c;n / Toltsf] c;n
gePsf] ld>0f ha dg;fox¿ v/fa x'G5g\ / Tof] sfo{n] g t
dnfO{ d2t k'¥ofp“5 g t c¿nfO{ d2t lbG5 eg] To:tf] sfo{
v/fa xf] . clg ha dg;fo /fd|f] x'G5 / d]/f] sfo{n] cfkm" /
c¿ b'a}nfO{ nfesf/L x'G5 eg] Tof] sfo{ k"0f{¿kdf c;n 5 .
k|Zg M To;f] eP s] a'4wd{df -g}ltstfsf] lgod_ ljgo 5 t <
pQ/ M 5, cjZo klg 5 . k~rzLn g} af}4 ljgosf] cfwf/
xf] . klxnf] zLn xf]– k|f0fL xTofaf6 6f9f x'g' jf hLljt k|f0fLnfO{
rf]6 gk'¥ofpg' . bf];|f] xf]– rf]/Laf6 6f9f x'g', t];|f] xf]–
Jolerf/af6 6f9f x'g', rf}yf] xf]– em"7f] af]Ng'af6 6f9f /xg' /
kf“rf} xf]– dBkfg tyf c¿ nfu" kbfy{sf] ;]jgaf6 6f9f /xg' .
kZ| g M t/ slxn ] sfx“ L dfg {' klg c;n xG' 5 . pbfx/0fsf ] nflu
/fu] kmn} fpg ] ls6f0fx' ¿nfO { dfg {' jf To;nfO { h;n ] tkfOn+{ fO { g}
dfg5{] . xfO] g / <
pQ/ M tkfOn+{ fO { of ] s/' f /fdf| ] nfUg ;S5 t/ Tof ] a:t ' jf
k|f0fLnfO{ s:tf] nfUnf < ltgLx¿ klg tkfO{+ h:t} hLjg
rfxG5g \ . ha tkfO +{ /fu] kmn} fpg ] sL/f dfg {] lg0fo{ lngx' G' 5 .
ta tkfO{+sf] dg;fo ;fob cfkm}l;t ;DalGwt -c;n_ /
t'¿Gt b]vfPsf] k|ltlqmof -v/fa_ sf] Pp6f ld>0f xf]nf . To;
sfon{ ] tkfO +{ cfkmn} fO { nfesf/L xfn] f -c;n_ t/ To; sL6f0fn' fO{
eg] cjZo klg nfesf/L x'g] 5}g . To;sf/0f slxn] sf“xL
dfg {' kg {] cfjZos xfn] f . t/ o;f ] ug {' k0" ft{ of slxNo } klg
/fd|f] x'g] 5}g .
kZ| g M tkfO +{ af4} x¿ sldnf / p8;' x¿;Dd klg w/] } g } Vofn
/fVg' x'G5 .
k~rzLn k|Zgf]Q/
34 35
pQ/ M af}4x¿ s'g} klg e]befj ljgf ;a}nfO{ ;d]6]/ s¿0ffsf]
ljsf; ug {] sfod{ f bQlrQ xG' 5g \ . ltgLx¿n ] o; ;;+ f/nfO{
g} Pp6f k"0f{ Pstfdf cfa4 b]Vb5g\ hxf“ k|To]s a:t' tyf
hLjfTdfx¿sf] cfºg} :yfg / sfo{x¿ 5g\ . ltgLx¿sf] k|s[ltsf]
;'dw'/ ;Gt'ngnfO{ laufg'{ jf gfz ug'{ eGbf klxn] cfkm"
Psbd} xf]lzof/ x'g' kb{5 eGg] s'/fdf ljZjf; /fVb5g\ . xfd|f]
To:tf ] ;:+ sl[ tnfO { x/] f +} t hg' ks| l[ tnfO { ;s;] Dd a9L zfi] f0f
ugl{] t/ hf8] lbOPsf ] bl] vG5 . sx] L klg afs“ L g/flvsg clGtd
yfk] f ;Dd lgrf/[] /] lng ] . o;dfly ljho / bdg ug {] cflb
h:tf sf]k k|s[ltn] b]vfpg yfNof] . xfjf klg ljiffSt x'g
yfNof], vf]nf gfnf b"lift eO{ ;'s]/ uP . TolQsf w]/} ;'Gb/
hgfj/x¿ b'n{e x'“b}5g\ . xl/ofnL kxf8sf eL/x¿ phf8
eP/ lvO“b} uP . xfjfkfgL g} klg abln/x]5 . olb dflg;x¿
df:g,] gfz ug {] / dfg {] sfddf clnslt sd dfqfdf dfq
pT;'s ePsf eP klg o:tf] eo+s/ cj:yfsf] ;[hgf g} x'g]
lyPg xf]nf . xfdLx¿ ;a}n] hLjgnfO{ cln a9L dfqfdf cfb/
;Tsf/sf ] ljsf;ug {] af6fl] t/ nufpg ' kb5{ .
k|Zg M em"7f] af]Ng] af/] s] 5 t < s] em"7f] gaf]lnsg af“Rg
;Dej 5 t <
pQ/ M olb em"7f] gaf]lnsg ;dfhdf jf Jojxf/df a:g ;f“Rr}
k~rzLn k|Zgf]Q/
g} c;Dej 5 eg] To:tf] b'MvbfoL tyf e|i6 cj:yfsf]
jftfj/0fnfO { g } kl/jtg{ ug {' kb5{ . af4} x¿ To:tf xg' \ h;n]
a9L ;To / ljZjfl;nf ] xg' ] sfz] Lz ub {} ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg
ug {] / a9L ; ] a9L oyfy { xg' ] kl| t1f lnG5g \ .
k|Zg M 7Ls 5, dfbs kbfy{sf] af/]df s] 5 t < sd dfqfdf ;]jg
u¥of ] eg ] t xfgL ubg{} xfn] f <
pQ/ M dflg;x¿ :jfbsf ] nflu dfbs kbfy { ;j] g ubg{} g \ .
ha ltgLx¿ PSn} lkp“5g t Tof] cfºgf] tgfj / lrGtfx¿af6
5'6sf/f kfpgsf] nflu lkp“5g\ . t/ ha ;fd"lxs ¿kdf lkp“5g\
eg ] To;n ] ;j] g ug {] afgL a;fN5 . clnslt dfqfdf ePklg
dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg ugf{n] cfºgf] r]tgfdf wSsf nfU5 / cfkm"
;r]t /xgdf afwf k'¥ofp“b5 . w]/} dfqfdf ;]jg u¥of] eg] t
To;sf] k|efj eo+s/ gfzjfg\ g} x'g]5 .
k|Zg M t/ Psbd} sd dfqfdf lkpg' Ps ;fdfGo s'/f] xf] . o;/L
yf/] } lkpb“ f zLn eË xb“' g} xfn] f, xG' 5 / <
pQ/ M xf,] of ] t ;fgf ] s/' fd] fq xf ] . olb ;fgf ] s/' f ] klg t tkfO+{
cEof; ug { ;Sg ' xG' g eg ] tkfOs+{ f ] nugzLntf / kl| t1f
cjZo klg v's'nf] x'g]5, xf]Og / <
kZ| g M k~rzLn gsf/fTds 5 . To;n ] s ] s ] ug {' xb“' g} eGg]
36 37
s/' f atfp5“ . t/ s ] s ] ug {' xG' 5 eGg ] s/' f ] atfpb“ g} g \ . s ] of]
;f“rf] xf] <
pQ/ M k~rzLn af}4 ljgosf cfwf/x¿ x'g\ . Toltdfq g} ;a}
xfO] gg \ . xfdLx¿n ] cfºgf v/fa cfr/0fx¿ kQf nufpb“ } hfG5f+}
/ To:tf ] uga{ f6 /fl] sg ] -aRg] sfz] Lz u5f +{} . o;s} f ] nflu g}
k~rzLn cfjZos ePsf] xf] . v/fa sfd ug{ 5f]8]kl5 c;n
sfou{ g { z¿' u5f +{} . pbfx/0fsf ] nflu Ps k;| u+ lncf +} . a4'
eGgx' G' 5 ls– xfdLx¿n ] em7" f ] afN] ga' f6 6f9f /xg z¿' ugk{' b5{ .
To;kl5 xfdLx¿n] ;To af]Ng'kb{5 . lj:tf/} gd| eP/ af]Ng'kb{5
/ 7Ls ;dodf af]Ng'kb{5 . pxf“ eGg' x'G5–
æem7" f ] afN] g 5f8] o\ f ] eg ] pm ;fr“ f,] e/kbf,{] ljZjfl;nf,]
kTofp“bf] s'/f af]Ng] x'G5 . p;n] ljZjnfO{ 5sfp“b}g . sk6k"0f{
af]nL af]Ng 5f]8\of] eg] p;n] otf ;'g]sf] s'/f ptf bf]xf]¥ofpg]
5}g gt dflg;x¿sf aLrdf e]befj Nofpg] vfnsf] ptf
;'g]sf] s'/f g} otf Nofpg] 5 . p;n] d]n gePsfx¿nfO{
ldnfO lbg]5 / b'a} ;fyLx¿nfO{ emg\ glhsdf NofOlbg]5 .
;dfgtf g} p;sf] v'zL xf] . ;dfgtf g} p;sf] cfgGb xf] .
;dfgtf g} p;sf] dfof xf] . oxL g} p;sf] af]nLsf] d'Vo Wo]o
xf] . ss{z af]ln TofUgfn] p;sf] af]nL bf]if/lxt x'G5, ;'Ggsf]
nflu dw'/ x'G5, :jLsf/ of]Uo x'G5, leq Xbo;Dd k'Ub5, gd|
k~rzLn k|Zgf]Q/
x'G5 / ;a}n] dg k/fp“b5g\ . asjf; ug{ 5f]8\gfn] 7Ls
;dodf hf] 7Ls 5, ;+If]kdf wd{ / ljgosf] af/]df af]Ng] u5{ .
p;n] ;+lrt ug{ ;Sg], ;dof]lrt, sf/0fo'Qm, /fd|/L JofVof
ug{ ;Sg] / 7Ls 7Ls zAbx¿ af]N5 .Æ
d=lg= !&(
k|Zg M s;} s;}n] eGg] u5{g\ ls O{Zj/ jf O{Zj/x¿sf] zlQmsf]
e/ u/]/dfq dflg; c;n x'G5 .
pQ/ M of ] ;/f;/ c;To xf ] . nfvf +} nfv :jtGq ljrf/s /
af}4x¿ 5g\ h;sf cfr/0f gd| / c;n 5g\ . cfhef]lnsf]
nflu dfq xfO] g t/ ;w +} g } h;/L ;jz{ lQmdfg \ ljZjf; ugx{] ¿sf
dfemdf 5g \ . olb tkfO +{ :jR5 Xbon ] sfz] Lz ugx{' G' 5 eg]
tkfO +{ cfºgf ] cfr/0f z4' ug { ;Sgx' G' 5 / olb tkfO +{ k0" f¿{ kdf
z4' xg' ;Sg ' ePg eg ] tkfO +{ lgZro kg cem c;n xg' ;Sg]
sfz] Lz ugx{' g' 5] .
38 k'gh{Gd k|Zgf]Q/ 39
k|Zg M dflg; sxf“af6 cfPsf] xf] / sxf“ hf“b}5 <
pQ/ M o; k|Zgsf] tLg j6f ;DefJo pQ/x¿ 5g\ . JolQmsf]
;h[ gf xg' e' Gbf klxn ] p;sf ] cl:tTj xb'“ g} . OZ{ j/sf ] OR5faf6
p;sf] hGd x'G5 eGg] s'/f O{Zj/ jf O{Zj/df ljZjf; /fVg]x¿n]
k|foM h;f] bfaL ub{5g\ . pm cfºgf] hLjg lgjf{x ub{5 clg
cfkm"n] ljZjf; u/] cg';f/ jf hLjgdf cfkm"n] u/]sf] cg';f/
ls t :ju{df hfG5 ls t g/sdf . Toxf“ c¿x¿ klg 5g\–
dfgjjfbLx¿ tyf j}1flgsx¿ h;n] k|fs[lts sf/0fx¿n]
ubf{ JolQmx¿sf] hGd x'G5 eGg] s'/f bfjL u5{g\, hLp“5g\ clg
d/0f;“u} cl:tTj d]6\b5g\ . a'4wd{n] oL b'a} JofVofx¿nfO{
:jLsf/ ubg{} .
klxnf]n] w]/} g} Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofx¿ v8f ub{5 .
olb xfdLx¿ k|To]snfO{ Pp6f c;n O{Zj/n] ;f“Rr} g} ;[hgf
u/]sf] xf] eg] of] aofg ug{ sl7g 5 ls Tolt w]/}sf] ;+Vofdf
lsg dflg;x¿ eo+s/ ljs[ltsf ;fy hGd lnG5g\ jf Tolt
5= k'gh{Gd
w]/} ;+Vofdf aRrf hGdg' eGbf cl3 g} d5{g\ jf t}klg hGdG5g\ .
csf {] OZ{ j/jfbL aofgdf ;d:of of ] 5 ls kY[ jLdf vfln ^)
cyjf &) jif{ cfkm"n] u/]sf] cg'lrt sfdsf] nflu g/sdf
cgGt bM' v ;xg ' kg {] s/' f Gofofl] rt ePg . ^) jf &) jifs{ f]
cljZjf; cyjf cg}lts lgjf{xn] cToGt b'Mv j]bgf kfpg
;Sb}g . To;/L g} ^) jf &) jif{sf] c;n lgjf{xn] :ju{df w]/}
sddfqfdf dfq cgGt ;'v kfOG5 .
bf>] f ] JofVof klxnfe] Gbf c;n 5 / o;nfO { ki[ 6L ug{]
w]/} k|df0fx¿ 5g\ t/ cem} klg w]/} dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm
kfpg af“sL g} 5 . b'Oj6f tGt'x¿, jLo{ / c08fsf] ;fwf/0f
;+of]uaf6 r]tgf h:tf] cfZro{hgs hl6n k|fs[lts 36gfsf]
ljsf; s;/L x'g ;S5 < clg ca dgf]lj1fg lj1fgsf] Pp6f
dfGotf k|fKt zfvf e};s]sf] 5 . dfgl;s ljrf/sf] cfbfg
k|bfg h:tf] k|fs[lts 36gf dgsf] ef}lts 9f“rfdf ldnfpg
c;fWo sl7g x'G5 .
dflg; sxf“af6 cfof] / pm sxf“ hf“b}5 eGg] s'/fsf]
;a}eGbf ;Gtf]ifk"0f{ JofVof a'4wd{n] k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ha xfd|f]
d[To' x'G5 o; hLjgdf 36a9 k|fyldstf, of]Uotfsf nIf0fx¿n]
ljsl;t tyf zt{ o'Qm dg k'gM k|hggzLn c08fdf cfkm}
:yflkt x'G5 . o;/L JolQm a9\5 / k'gh{Gd x'G5, b'a} lnP/
cfPsf dfgl;s nIf0fx¿ / gof“ jftfj/0fn] zt{o'Qm JolQmTjsf]
40 k'gh{Gd k|Zgf]Q/ 41
ljsf; x'G5 . JolQmTjsf] kl/jt{g x'g]5 / lzIff, k}t[s k|efj
/ ;dfh h:tf sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ r]tgzLn k|of;af6 kl/nlIft
x'G5 . d[To' Psk6s km]l/ gof“ k|hggzLn c08fdf cfkm;]cfkm
k'gM :yflkt x'G5 . d[To' / k'gh{Gdsf] o; k|lqmof, t[i0ff /
c1fgtf h:tf sf/0fx¿ ;To geP;Dd lg/Gt/ /lx/xg] 5g\ .
ha tL t[i0ff / c1fgtf vtd x'G5g\ . hGdx'gsf] ;§f dg
To; cj:yfdf k|j]z x'G5 h;nfO{ lgjf{0f eGb5g\ / a'4wd{sf]
clGtd nIo / hLjgsf] d"n p2]Zo klg oxL xf] .
kZ| g M dg Pp6f z/L/af6 csf {] z/L/df s;/L hfG5 <
pQ/ M o;nfO{ /]l8of] t/Ë h:t} xf] egL ljrf/ ug{ ;lsG5 .
/l] 8of ] t/Ë hg' ls zAbx¿ / ;u+ Ltaf6 ags] f ] xb“' g} a¿
ljleGg lk|mSj]G;Ldf /x]sf] zlQmsf] k|;f/0f x'G5 / ;+uLt ¿kdf
k|;f/0f ePsf] 7fp“af6 cfslif{t x'G5 / l/l;e/n] ;dfT5 .
dgdf klg 7Ls o:t} x'G5 . d[To'df klg dfgl;s zlQm
cfsfzdfua{ f6 ofqf ub {} kh| ggzLn c08fdf cfslift{ xG' 5 /
To;af6 ;dfltG5 . hLjsf]if a9\b} uP/ of] dl:tisdf cfkm}
s]lGb|t x'G5, eP kl5 uP/ cfkm} gof“ JolQmTjdf k|;fl/t
x'G5 .
k|Zg M s] k|To]s dflg;sf] k'gh{Gd ;“w} dflg; eP/ g} x'G5 <
pQ/ M xf]Og . oxf“ k'gh{Gd x'g ;Sg] w]/} If]qx¿ 5g\ . s;}
s;}sf] :ju{df k'gh{Gd x'G5 . s;} s;}sf] g/sdf k'gh{Gd
x'G5 . s;}sf] ef]sfPsf e"tsf] ¿kdf k'gh{Gd x'G5 cflb .
:ju{ eGbfv]l/ s'g} Ps 7fp“ xf]Og t/ cl:tTjsf] Pp6f cj:yf
xf] hxf“ Ps cnf}lss z/L/ x'G5 / hxf“ dgn] d'Votof
v'lzofnLsf] cg'ej u5{ . s'g} s'g} wd{n] e"nn] o;nfO{ k/Gt';Dd
l6Sg] cj:yf xf] eGg] ljZjf;df :jlu{s cl:tTjdf k'gh{Gd
x'g 7"nf] sf]zLz u5{ t/ o:tf] xf]Og . zt{ o'Qm cj:yfx¿
h:t} :ju{ klg cl:y/ 5 / ha Pssf] cfo' ;lsG5, ta
dflg;sf] ¿kdf km]l/ k'gh{Gd x'g ;Sb5 . ts{ klg To;/L g}
Pp6f 7fp“ xf]Og t/ Pp6f cl:tTjsf] cj:yfsf] hxf“ Pssf]
cnf}lss z/L/ x'G5 / Toxf“ dgn] d'Votof b'Mv tyf lrGtssf]
cge' j u5 { . efs] fPsf et" kt]| xg' k' lg kml] / Pp6f cl:tTjsf]
cj:yf xf] hxf“ z/L/ cnf}lss x'G5 / dg lg/Gt/ rfxgf /
c;Gt'i6Laf6 kLl8t x'G5 .
To;}n] :jlu{s k|f0fLn] d'Votof cfgGbsf] cg'ej u5{ .
g/ssf kf| 0fLn ] / et" kt]| n ] dV' otof bM' vsi6sf ] cge' j u5{
tyf dfgj k|f0fLn] ;fwf/0ftof b'a} ld>0fsf] cg'ej u5{ .
To;}n] dfgjLo If]q / c¿ If]qx¿df d'Vo km/s xf]– z/L/sf]
lsl;d / cg'ejsf] u'0f .
kZ| g M xfdf| ] kg' hG{ d sxf “ xG' 5 eGg ] s/' fnfO { lgwf/{ 0f ug {] cfwf/
s] xf] <
42 k'gh{Gd k|Zgf]Q/ 43
pQ/ M xfd|f] sxf“ k'gh{Gd x'G5 / xfd|f] hLjg s:tf] x'G5 eGg]
s/' fdf ke| fj kfg {] ;ae} Gbf dxTjk0" f { s/' f sd { xf–] t/ oxL
Pp6f dfq rflx“ xf]Og . sd{ zAbn] æsfo{Æ eGg] hgfp“b5 /
xfdf| ] dg;fosf ] dfgl;s sfon{ fO { ;s+ t] ub5{ . csf {] zAbdf
eGg ] xf ] eg ] clxn ] xfdL s ] 5f +} eGg ] s/' f lats] f an] fdf xfdLn]
s;/L larf/ u¥of +} / sfo { u¥of +} eGg ] s/' fn ] w/] } h;f ] lgwfl{ /t
ub5{ . To;/L g } clxn ] xfdL s;/L ljrf/ u5f +{} / s ] sfo { u5f+{}
eGg ] s/' fn ] eljiodf xfdL s:tf ] xg' 5] f +} eGg ] s/' fdf ke| fj
kf5{ .
gd| / bofjfg\ JolQm :ju{df k'gh{Gd x'g] x'G5 cyjf
;'vL cg'ejx¿n] e/k"/ ePsf] Pp6f dfgj h:t} x'G5 .
dxTjfsf+IfL, lrlGtt cyjf Psbd} lgb{oL lsl;dsf] JolQm
g/s If]qdf k'gh{Gd x'g] cyjf b'Mv} b'Mvsf] cg'ejn] k"0f{ Pp6f
dfgj h:t} x'G5 . slxNo} klg ;Gt'i6 x'g g;Sg] a[xt\ t[i0ff,
dfx] / a9L dxTjfsfI+ fL JolQmsf ] kg' hG{ d efs] fPsf ] et" kt]| sf]
¿kdf x'G5 cyjf Tof] dfof / OR5faf6 c;Gt'i6 dflg; h:t}
x'G5 . o; hLjgdf h:tf];'s} dfgl;s afgLx¿ alno} lsl;dn]
ljsf; ePsf ] ePklg csf {] hLjgdf klg /lxg } /xg ] 5 . h]
ePklg w]/} h;f] dflg;x¿ dg'ios} ¿kdf k'gh{Gd lnG5g\ .
kZ| g M To;sf/0f xfdLx¿ cfˆgf ] sdå{ f/f lgwfl{ /t xfO] gf +} . xfdL
o;nfO { abNg ;S5f +} .
pQ/ M ;fob xfdL ;S5f +} . To;n} ] cfoc{ i6fl+ us dfus{ f ] Pp6f
v'8\lsnf] ;Dos\ k|oTg xf] . slt zlQm nufp“5f} / slQsf]
afgL kl/;Sof] eGg] s'/f xfdLx¿sf] ;f]emf]kgdf e/ kb{5 t/
sfx] L sfx] L dflg;x¿ kl/jtg{ ug {] sfz] Lz ljgf g } o:tf
b'MvbfoL kl/jt{gx¿sf] lzsf/ aGb} lat]sf afgLx¿sf] k|efjdf
;fwf/0f hLjg lgjf{x u5{g\ eGg] s'/f ;To xf] . To:tf
dflg;x¿n] cfºgf] k|lts"n afgLx¿ g;'wf/];Dd b'Mv kfOg}
/xg]5g\ . k|lts"n afgLx¿ w]/} ;do;Dd /lx/x]df ltgLx¿nfO{
;'wf/ ug{ w]/} ufx|f] x'g]5 . af}4x¿n] o;nfO{ a'em]sf x'G5g\ /
kl| tsn" c;/ kfg{ ] dfgl;s afgLx¿nfO { tf8] g\ / ;v' do tyf
c;n gtLhf k|fKt x'g] vfnsf] dfgl;s afgLsf] ljsf; ug{
k|To]s df}sfsf] kmfObf lnG5g\ . s'g} t/Lsfn] af]Ng] / af]Ngaf6
/fl] sg ] tyf sfo { ug {] / sfo { uga{] f6 /fl] sg ] . h:t–} Wofg ug{]
klg cfºgf ] afgL ;w' fg {] t/Lsfx¿ dWos] f ] Ps xf ] . af4} x¿sf]
;Dk0" f { hLjg g } dgnfO { z4' ug {] / :jtGq /fVg ] kl| zIf0f xf ] .
h:tf ] ls olb klxns] f ] hLjgdf tkfOs+{ f ] rl/q bofn ' / wo} j{ fg\
lyof] eg] o; hLjgdf klg To:t} vfnsf] x'G5 . oxL o;
hLjgdf klg tL ;b' 9[ xb“' } ljsf; eof ] eg ] eljiosf ] hLjgdf
klg a9L dfqfdf k'gM ;dfj]z x'G5 . of] w]/} afgL al;;s]sf]
s'/fnfO{ tf]8\g sl7g x'G5 eGg] Pp6f ;fwf/0f tyf b]Vg
;lsg] s'/fdf cfwfl/t 5 .
44 k'gh{Gd k|Zgf]Q/ 45
ca, olb tkfO +{ wL/ / bofjfg \ xg' x' G' 5 eg ] ;fwf/0ftof
tkfO +{ c¿sf ] jxsfjdf nfUg ' xG' g eGg ] yfxf xG' 5 . tkfOs+{ f
ug' f;fx¿ sx] L xb“' g} g \ . dflg;x¿n ] tkfOn+{ fO { dg k/fpb“ 5g\
To;n} ] tkfOs+{ f ] cge' j ;v' lt/ a9L 9Nss] f ] xG' 5 . xfdL ca
csf {] pbfx/0f lncf +} tkfOs+{ f ] cfºgf ] kg' hG{ dsf ] dfgl;s cfr/0fn]
ubf { tkfO +{ wo} j{ fg \ / bofnk' gsf ] hg' L lnP/ cfpg ' eof ] t/
clxns] f ] hLjgdf tkfOs+{ f ] To:tf ] afgL ax] f/] fnfO { alnof ] ug {] /
ljsf; ug {] sfod{ f xn] rqmØfO “ ugx{' G' 5 eg ] ltgLx¿ lj:tf/}
lj:tf/} sdhf]/ x'g]5g\ / vQd x'g]5g\ . clg ;fob eljiosf]
hLjgdf k"0f{tof /xg] 5}gg\ . o:tf] cj:yfdf w}o{ / bofn'kgsf]
sdLn ] ubf { o; hLjgdf jf csf {] hLjgdf l56 } ;Gsg,] l/;fxf,
b'i6kg a9\g] / To;sf] ljsf; x'g] ;Defjgf x'G5 h;n] ubf{
To:tf efjgfx¿ cfpg'sf] ;fy} tLtf / g/dfOnf cg'ejx¿
dfq Nofp“b5g\ .
xfdLx¿ Pp6f clGtd pbfx/0f lnG5f } . dflglncf +} ls
tkfOs+{ f ] cfºgf ] clGtd hLjgsf ] dfgl;s cfr/0fn ] ubf { Ifl0fs
;Gsg] / l/;fpg] afgL a]xf]/f lnP/ clxn]sf] h'gLdf cfpg' ef]
t/ To:tf] afgLn] vfln g/dfOnf] dfq t'Nofp“b5 eGg] dx;';
ugx{' G' 5 . tkfO +{ To;nfO { ;sf/fTds efjgfx¿n ] abNgx' G' 5 .
olb tkfO +{ To;nfO { k0" f { tl/sfn ] d6] fpg ;Sg ' xG' 5 eg ] -hg'
tkfOn+{ ] sfz] Lz uge{' P ;Dej klg 5 ._ tkfO +{ g/dfOnfk] gaf6
dQ' m xg' x' g' 5] clg To;sf/0f tkfO +{ To;nfO { kl/jtg{ ug{
sfz] Lz ugx{' G' 5 . To;nfO { ;sf/fTds efjgfåf/f abNgx' G' 5 .
olb tkfO +{ To;nfO { k0" ft{ of d6] fpg ;kmn xg' e' of ] eg ] olb
tkfO +{ sfz] Lz ugx{' G' 5 eg ] of ] ;Dej klg 5 . tkfO +{ Ifl0fs
;Gsg] / l/;sf] sf/0fn] x'g] g/dfOnf]kgaf6 d'Qm x'g'x'g] 5 .
olb tkfO +{ To:tf ] afgL Joxf/] fnfO { vfln lkmtnf ] dfq kfgx{' G' 5
eg] To:tf] s'/f csf{ hGddf k'gM k|fb'ef{j x'G5 hxf“ clnslt
dfq sf]zLz u/]df klg ltgLx¿nfO{ k"0f{tof d]6fpg ;Sg'x'g]5
/ ltgLx¿sf] g/dfOnf] k|efjaf6 d'Qm x'g ;Sg'x'g]5 .
kZ| g M tkfOn+{ ] kg' hG{ dsf ] ljifodf w/] } eGge' of ] t/ d/k] l5 kml] /
hGd x'G5 eGg] s] s] k|df0f 5 t <
pQ/ M o;df af}4x¿sf] k'gh{Gddflysf] ljZjf;nfO{ 6]jf lbg]
j}1flgs k|df0fdfq xf]Og ls oxL Pp6fdfq d/0ff]k/fGtsf]
l;4fGt xf] h;sf] ;dy{gdf s]xL k|df0fx¿ kfOG5g\ . :ju{sf]
cl:tTj 5 egL kd| fl0ft ug {] sg' } Pp6f klg kd| f0f 5g} /
;fob d[To'df ;Dk"0f{ gfz x'G5 eGg] k|df0fdf sdL xf]nf t/
lat]sf #) jif{x¿df dgf]j}1flgsx¿n]– s]xL dflg;x¿n]
klxns] f ] hGdsf ] af/d] f oyfy { ;Demgf xb“' f/] x5] eGg ] kl| tjb] gaf/]
cWoog ul//x]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu a]nfotdf Pp6L %
jifs{ L s6] Ln ] p;sf cs {} cfdf afas' f ] ;Demgf ug { ;S5 ' egL
/ p;n] af]n]sf oyfy{tfdf c¿ g} JolQmsf] hLjgdf 36]sf
46 k'gh{Gd k|Zgf]Q/ 47
36gfx¿sf] cfef; x'G5 . Toxf“ dgf]j}1flgsx¿ af]nfOP .
clg ltgLx¿n ] p;nfO { ;of +} kZ| gx¿ u/ ] h;sf ] pQ/ p;n]
lbO{ . p;n] cfkm" Pp6f ljlzi6 ufp“df a:g] u/]sf] s'/f]sf]
af]nL h'g :k]g h:tf] a'lemGYof] . p;n] ufp“sf] gfp“ lbO{ .
cfkm" a;]sf] ;8ssf] gfd, p;sf l5d]sLx¿sf] gfd atfO{ /
Toxf“ p;sf] hLjgsf] lbg rof{sf] af/]df k"0f{ ljj/0f lbO{ .
clg uxe/L cf“z' kf/L cfkm"nfO{ s;/L Pp6f df]6/sf/n] 7Ss/
lbPsf] lyof] / b'O{ lbgkl5 ToxL 3fpx¿sf kL8fn] d/]sL lyO{ .
ha oL ljj/0fx¿nfO{ s]nfP/ a'emL x]bf{ tL ;a} 7Ls /x]5g\ .
:k]gdf Pp6f ufp“ lyof] h;sf] gfd ;f] % jif{sL aflnsfn]
eg]sL lyO{ . p;n] lbPsf gfdsf] ;8sdf p;n] j0f{g u/]
h:t} Pp6f 3/ lyof] . cem a9L of] kQf nfUof] ls To; 3/df
a:g] u/]sL Pp6L @# jifL{of dlxnf kf“r jif{ klxn] Pp6f
df]6/sf/ b'3{6gfaf6 dfl/PsL lyO{ . ca a]nfotdf a:g] u/]sL
% jifL{of aflnsf hf] :k]gdf slxNo} guPsf]nfO{ oL ;a} ljj/0f
s;/L yfxf kfO{ < clg ;fob o:tf] k|sf/sf] 36gf oxL Pp6f
dfq klg xf]Og . elh{lgof ljZjljBfnosf] dgf]lj1fg ljefusf
k|fWofks cfog:6]d]G;gn] cfºgf k':tsx¿df bh{gf}+ o:tf
ks| f/sf cj:yfsf 36gfx¿sf ] j0fg{ uge{' Psf ] 5 . pxf “ Ps
Vofltk|fKt j}1flgs x'g'x'G5 h;sf] &% jif{ nfdf] cjlw klxn]sf]
hLjgsf ] ;Demgf ug {] dflg;x¿sf ] cWoog g } kg' hG{ dsf ] ljifodf
af}4 lzIffsf] Pp6f cToGt alnof] k|df0f xf] .
k|Zg M s]xL JolQmx¿n] cjZo eGnfg\ ls cfˆgf] k"j{hLjgsf]
;:+ d/0f ug { ;Sg ] sfd kt]| x¿sf ] xf ] .
pQ/ M of ] t kt]| x¿sf ] sfd xf ] eg ] h:t } tkfOn+{ fO { ljZjf;
gnfUg] eP h:t} ;a}s'/fnfO{ vfln kG5fpg ;ls“b}g . ha s'g}
klg ljrf/nfO{ 6]jf lbg] alnof] / 7f]; k|df0f ldN5 eg] To;sf]
;fdgf ug { tkfOn+{ ] ljjs] / tsk{ 0" f { tsx{ ¿ ko| fu] ugk{' 5–{
kt]| x¿sf ] af/d] f h:t } cljjs] k0" f { / cGwljZjf;sf ] s/' fn ] xfO] g .
kZ| g M kt]| sf ] af/d] f s/' f ubf { tkfOn+{ ] cGwljZjf; eGg ' eof ] . s]
k'gh{Gdsf] af/]df s'/f ubf{ klg clnslt cGwljZjf; g} ePg
/ <
pQ/ M cGwljZjf;nfO{ zAbsf]ifn] kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 ls–
æPp6f ljZjf; hg' sf/0f jf ;Totfdf cfwfl/t xb“' g} t/
hfb"df h:t} ljrf/x¿sf] ;dli6df cfwfl/t x'G5Æ olb Pp6f
j1} flgsn ] kt]| sf ] cl:tTjaf/ ] uxlsnf ] cWoog u/L nl] vPsf]
bv] fpg ;Sgx' G' 5 eg ] d kt]| x¿df ljZjf; ug {' cGwljZjf;
xfO] g eGg ] 7fGg5] ' t/ dn} ] kt]| x¿sf ] ;DaGwdf cg;' Gwfg
u/]sf] slxNo} klg ;'g]sf] 5}g . j}1flgsx¿ To:tf] s'/fdf
cWoog u//] emGem6df km:g rfxb“ g} g \ . To;n} ] d eG5 ' kt]| sf]
cl:tTjaf/] s]xL klg k|df0f 5}g t/ clxn] e/v/} xfdLn]
k'gh{Gd x'g ;S5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ 6]jf lbg] vfnsf] k|df0f 5 eGg]
48 k'gh{Gd k|Zgf]Q/ 49
yfxf kfof +} . To;n } kg' hG{ dsf ] ljZjf; ;fwf/0ftof sx] L ;Totfdf
cfwfl/t 5 eg] of] cGwljZjf; x'g ;Qm}g .
kZ| g M 7Ls 5 . To;fe] P kg' hG{ ddf ljZjf; ug {] sx] L j1} flgs
lyP t <
pQ/ M cjZo lyP . yfd] ; xS;n,] hf ] !( cf +} ztfAbLdf al[ 6z
:s"n l;:6ddf lj1fg lzIff k|j]z u/fpg]df hjfkmb]xL lyP /
k'gh{Gd eg]sf] ;k|dfl0fs x'g ;Sg] ljrf/ xf] egL ljZjf;
ul/g] 8flj{gsf] l;4fGtnfO{ arfpg] klxnf] j}1flgs klg lyP .
pgsf] gfdL k':ts "Evolution and Ethics and other
essays" df eGb5g\– cfTdf :yfgfGt/0fsf] l;4fGtdf o;sf]
pTklQaf/] a|fDx0f jf af}4 h'g;'s} lsl;dsf cGbfhx¿ kfOPklg
zG" oaf6 dflg;df hfg ;Sg ] kf| dfl0fs bi[ 6fGt lgdf0{ f ug{]
pkfox¿ ;a} tof/ 5g\ . t/ klg o:tf lsl;dsf ts{x¿
c¿eGbf sd k|fdfl0fs g} x'G5g\ / c¿ eGbf tLa| ljrf/x¿n]
cgf7} fk] gsf ] cfefifsf ] cfwf/df c:jLsf/ ug5{] . kf| be' fj{ sf]
l;4fGt h:t}, cfTdf–:yfgfGt/0f oyfy{tfsf] ;+;f/df c+s'l/t
5, h;sf] ;dy{gdf oy]i6 dfqfdf ;fb[Zotf /x]sf] 5 eGg]
s'/fnfO{ 7f]s]/ eGg ;lsG5 .
:jL8]gsf gfdL vuf]nzf:qL, ef}ltszf:qL tyf j}1flgs
cfoG;6Lgsf ;fyL k|fWofks u':tfkm :6«f]Dau{n] klg k'gh{Gdsf]
ljrf/ k|efjsf/L g} kfP .
dfgjcfTdfx¿ k'gM o; ;+;f/df cjtf/ lnG5g\ ln“b}gg\
eGg] s'/fdf dt leGgtf 5 . ;g\ !(#^ df ef/tdf ;/sf/L
clwsf/Lx¿sf] Pp6f rfv nfUbf] s]; k"0f{tof cg';Gwfg u/L
k|ltj]bg lbPsf lyP . lbNnLsL zfGtLb]jL gfd u/]sL Pp6L
s]6Ln] lbNnLeGbf kf“rzo dfOn 6f9f dy'/fdf bf];|f] hGdeGbf
Psjif{ cufl8 ;dfKt ePsf] cfºgf] k"j{hGdsf] af/]df k"0f{
oyfy{ ljj/0f lbg ;lsg\ . pgn] cfºgf nf]Ug]sf] / afnssf]
gfd atfOg\ / cfºgf] 3/ / hLjgsf] Oltxf; atfOg\ . cg';Gwfg
clwsf/Lx¿n] pgnfO{ cfºgf k"j{ gft]bf/x¿ sxf“ nu] . h;n]
pgsf] sygx¿nfO{ hf“r]/ x]/] . ef/tLo hgtfdf k'ghL{jgaf/]
ulx/f] 5fk 5 . o; s];df cgf}7f] s'/f s] 5 eg] tL s]6Ln]
c;+Vo oyfy{ s'/fx¿sf] ;Demgf ul/g\ . of] / o:t} lsl;dsf
36gfx¿nfO{ cIfo :d/0fzlQmsf] l;4fGtsf] yk k|df0fsf] ¿kdf
lng ;lsG5 .
;DdfggLo a]nfotL a}1flgs, k|fWofks h'lnog xS;n]
hf] o"g]:sf]sf dxflgb]{zs x'g'x'GYof] . k'gh{Gd j}1flgs
ljrf/wf/f;“u k"0f{tof ;fdGh:otf /fVb5 eGg] ljZjf;
ug'{x'GYof] .
æ;bfsfn hLljt /xg] cfTdfsf] v08gdf s]xL klg
50 k'gh{Gd k|Zgf]Q/ 51
kfO“b}g . d/0fsf] a]nfdf s'g} lsl;dn] PSnf]kg eP/ 5f]8]/
hfg] dfq xf] h;/L s'g} Pp6f lglb{i6 t/Lsfn] k|of]u ul/Psf]
oGqåf/f k7fPsf] Pp6f k|i6 j]tf/sf] ;Gb]z h:t} t/ of] ;Demg
clt cfjZos 5 ls of] a]tf/sf] ;Gb]z Tolt a]nfdfq ;Gb]z
xG' 5 ha o;nfO { csf {] Pp6f dl] zg– l/l;e/;u“ ;Dks { /fVb5 .
To;/L g} cfTdf :yfgfGt/0fdf klg ;Dej 5 . o;n] s'g}
t/Lsfn] c¿ z/L/df km]l/ k|j]z gu/];Dd s]xL klg ;f]Rb}g jf
rfn kfp“b}g . xfdLx¿sf] JolQmTj klg z/L/df o;/L cfwfl/t
xG' 5 sL afR“ g ] ljrf/ ug {' klg ;fR“ r } c;Dej xG' 5 hg' Ps}
ks| f/sf ] z/L/x¿sf ] cefjdf ;fR“ r } eg “' eg ] JolQmut xG' 5 .
s]xL s'/f 5f]8]/ uPsf] af/] d ljrf/ ug{ ;S5' h'g Pp6f
at] f/sf ] ;Gbz] n ] k;| f/ ug {] oGqn ] h:t } nfU] g ] dflg; jf :jf:gL
dflg;l;t ;DaGw /fVb5 t/ d[tssf] af/]df, Pp6fn] b]Vg
;s];Dd, ]sL klg xf]Og vfln a|Dxf08df 3'ld lx“8\g] ljleGg
k|sf/sf cj/f]wx¿ h:t} -ljs[lt_ dfq x'g\ . ha o;n] s'g}
ks| f/sf ] ux| 0f ug {] oGqn ] h:t } dfgl;s ;Dks { /fV5 ta
cfºgf] r]tgfdf k'gM kmls{G5 .Æ
cd]l/sfsf pBf]uklt x]g/L kmf]8{ h:tf Psbd}
:jfefljs tyf oyfy{jfbL JolQmn] :jLsf/ of]Uo ljrf/
k'gh{Gdaf/] kQf nufP . k'gh{Gdsf] ljrf/n] kmf]8{ cToGt
cfslif{t lyP . lsgeg] O{Zj/jfbL ljrf/ / ef}ltsjfbL ljrf/sf]
ljkl/t kg' hG{ dn ] cfºgf ] ljsf; ug {] bf;] f| ] dfs} f kb| fg ub5{ .
x]g/L kmf]8{ eGb5g\ –
æha d 5AaL; jif{sf] lyP“ ta d}n] k'gM cjtf/sf]
l;4fGtnfO { ux| 0f u/ +] . wdn{ ] o;af/ ] sx] L lbPg / sfdn ] klg
dnfO { k0" f { ;Gtfi] f u/g] . olb Pp6f hLjgaf6 csf {] hLjgdf
;u+ x| u/s] f cge' jx¿nfO { ko| fu] df Nofpg ;sg] f +} eg ] sfd
ug {' klg Joy { 5 . dn} ] kg' M cjtf/ kQf nufP “ . dn} ] aD| xf08–
of]hgf km]nf kf/] h:t} eof] . d]/f] ljrf/n] sfd ug{ ;S5 eGg]
dxz;" u/ “] . ;do sd lyof ] . d 38Lsf ;O" x{ ¿sf ] bf; afxs]
c¿ s]xL eOg . ;Ifdtf g} cg'ej xf] . s;} s;}n] o;nfO{
j/bfg jf of]Uotf eGg] u5{g\ t/ of] w]/} h'gLx¿sf] nfdf]
cg'ejsf] kmn xf] . s'g} c¿eGbf kfsf] cfTdf x'G5 / p;n] w]/}
yfxf kfp“5 . k'gM cjtf/sf] cfljisf/n] d]/f] dgnfO{ xn'sf
u¥of] . olb o; jftf{nfksf] /]s8{ ;'/lIft /fVg' x'G5 eg]
o;nfO{ n]Vg'xf]nf tf ls dflg;x¿sf] dg xn'sf kfg{ ;lsG5 .
hLjgsf] nfdf] ljrf/x¿n] lbg] zflGtaf/] c¿x¿nfO{ klg
eGg dg nfUb5 .Æ
o;sf/0f k'gh{Gd ;DaGwL af}4 lzIffnfO{ 6]jf lbg]
s]xL j}1flgs k|df0fx¿ cjZo 5g\ . oL ts{o'Qm 5g\ tyf
O{Zj/jfb / ef}ltsjfbsf l;4fGtx¿n] lbg g;s]sf k|Zgx¿sf]
hjfkm lbg of] w]/} cufl8 a9]sf] 5 . t/ of] Psbd} cf/fdbfoL
52 k'gh{Gd k|Zgf]Q/ 53
klg 5 . bf];|f] df}sf lbg ;Sg], o; h'gLsf cfkm"n] u/]sf
uNtLx¿ ;w' f/ ug {] dfs} f lbg ] / o; hg' Ldf hfgs] f 1fg /
ofU] otfx¿sf ] ljsf; ug {] yk ;do glbg ] hLjgsf l;4fGteGbf
v/fa c¿ s] x'g ;S5 xf]nf < t/ a'4sf] egfO cg';f/ o;
hg' Ldf tkfOn+{ ] lgjf0{ f kf| Kt ug {' ePg eg ] tkfOn+{ ] csf {] ;dodf
sfz] Lz ug {] dfs} f kfpgx' g' 5] . olb tkfOn+{ ] o; hg' Ldf uNtL
uge{' of ] eg ] csf {]{ hg' Ldf tkfO +{ cfkmn} ] ;w' f/ ug { ;Ifd xg' x' g' 5] .
;f“Rr} g} cfºgf uNtLx¿af6 l;Sg ;Ifd x'g]5 . o; h'gLdf
ug { g;ss] f jf kf| Kt ug { g;ss] f s/' fx¿ csf {] hg' Ldf /fd/| L
;Dej x'g]5 . s:tf] cgf}7f] lzIff xf] .
v
6= !fg / s?)ff
k|Zg M af}4x¿n] w]/}rf]l6 1fg / s¿0ffsf] ljifodf s'/fsfgL
ul//x]sf] cS;/ ;'Gb5' . oL b'O{ zAbsf] s] cy{ xf] <
pQ/ M s]xL wd{x¿n] ljZjf; ub{5g\ ls s¿0ff cyjf dfof -
b'a} ;dfg h:t} 5g\ ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ cfWoflTds u'0f xf] t/
ltgLx¿ s'g} 1fgsf] ljsf; ug{ eg] c;kmn x'G5g\ h;sf]
kmn:j¿k tkfO{+ Pp6f cToGt bofn' JolQm t/ yf]/} jf
gf;dembf/L c;n x[boL d"v{ eO{ ;dfKt x'g'x'g]5 . c¿ ljrf/sf
k4ltx¿ h:t}, lj1fgåf/f c;n t/Lsfn] 1fg ljsf; ug{
;lsG5 ha ls ;a} efjgfx¿n] s¿0ff ;lxtnfO{ dfu{b]lv
cln 6f9f /fv]df eGg] ljZjf; ub{5g\ . o;sf] gtlhf of] x'G5
ls lj1fgn] gtLhfx¿sf] 7fp“ klxn] g} cf]u6]sf] efg x'G5 /
lj1fgn ] dflg;sf ] ;j] f ugk{' 5 { p;nfO { lgoGq0f tyf lyrfl] drf]
ug {] xfO] g eGg ] ;dt] la;s{] f ] 5 . gqeg ] j1} flgsx¿n ] k/df0f'
ad, sL6f0f' gf;s tyf To:t} k|sf/sf ljsf; ug{ cfºgf a'l4
54 !fg / s?)ff k|Zgf]Q/ 55
lvofpg s;/L ;Sy] < wd{n] ;bf ;j{bf efjgfsf b'Zdg dfof
/ ljZjf;nfO{ h:t} x]t' -sf/0f_ / 1fgnfO{ x]/]sf] x'G5 . lj1fgn]
;w +} efjgfx¿ h:t } dfof / ljZjf;nfO { sf/0f / p2Z] osf]
b'Zdg h:t} x]/]sf] x'G5 . clg To;}n] ;fob hlt hlt lj1fg
ku| ltkydf nDsG5 pltplt wd { 36b\ } hfG5 . csfl{] t/, ;fR“ r}
g } ;Gtn' g tyf k0" f { JolQmut ug {] xf ] 1fg / s¿0ff . oL
ba' n} fO { tkfOn+{ ] ljsf; ub {} nfgk' b5{ eGg ] lzIff a4' wdn{ ] lbG5 .
of] cGwljZjf;df cfwfl/t geO{ cg'ejdf cfwfl/t ePsf]
xb“' f a4' wdn{ ] lj1fgbl] v tl;g{ ' kg {] sf/0f sx] L klg 5g} .
k|Zg M To;f] eP, a'4wd{ cg';f/ 1fg eg]sf] s] xf] t <
pQ/ M s'g} klg 36gfx¿ k"0f{ 5}gg\, l:y/ 5}gg\ / cfkm}df
;Lldt 5}gg\ egL oyfy{ ;TonfO{ b]Vg' g} ;a}eGbf pRr 1fg
xf] . o:tf] ;dembf/L k"0f{ :jtGq x'G5 / dxf/Iff / cgGt
;'vlt/ 8f]¥ofp“b5 h;nfO{ lgjf{0f elgG5 . To;f]eP klg a'4n]
o:tf ] cj:yfsf ] 1fg af/d] f w/] } s/' f ugx{' G' g . xfdLnfO { h]
elgPsf ] 5 olb To;nfO { dfq ljZjf; ug {] xf ] eg ] Tof ] 1fg
xf]Og . ;xL 1fg eg]sf] xfdLx¿n] k|ToIf b]Vg' / a'‰g' xf] . o;
cj:yfdf 1fg eGgfn] Xbo aGb u/L sf/0f yfxf gkfO{ c¿
c¿ larf/ ;'lg/xg' eGbf klg dgnfO{ vf]n]/ lng] a:t' xf] .
afn'jfdf cfºgf] 6fpsf] uf8]/ a:g'eGbf tYox¿nfO{ /fd|f]l;t
s]nfP/ x]g'{, xfd|f] ljZjf;;“u bf“h]/ x]g'{, k"jf{u|xL x'g' jf
kIflng'eGbf klg lqmofzLn x'g', xfdLnfO{ lbPsf] a9L efjgfTds
s/' fx¿nfO { klxn ] :jLsf/ uge{' Gbf klg xfdLx¿sf ] ljrf/ /
ljZjf; of]Uo agfpg ;do lng] clg hlxn] klg xfdLx¿sf]
ljZjf; abNg] / c¿nfO{ lrQ ga'‰g] tYox¿ hlxn] klg xfdL
;dIf /fVg cfP To;nfO { :jLsf/ ug {] . o:tf ] ug {] Pshgf
JolQm cjZo klg ljåfg \ xG' 5 / ;To 1fg kf| Kt ug {] sfod{ f b9[
xG' 5 . h ] egs] f ] 5 To;nfO { dfq ljZjf; ug {] af6f ] ;/n 5 .
a'4dfu{sf] nflu ;fx;, w}o{, nrstf / a'l4dtf x'g' cfjZos
5 .
k|Zg M d]/f] ljrf/df s]xL AolQmx¿n] dfq o;f] ug{ ;Snfg\ .
To;}n] s]xL AolQmn] dfq o:tf] cEof; ug{ ;S5g\ eg] a'4wd{sf]
;f/ g} s] eof] / <
pQ/ M of] ;To xf], ;a}hgf a'4wd{sf] nflu tof/ 5}gg\ . t/
klg xfdLn ] wdd{ f h ] l;sfp5“ f +} Tof ] unt 5 t/ ;lhnl} ;t
a'‰g ;lsgfsf] sf/0fn] k|To]sn] cEof; ug{ ;S5g\ eGg] s'/fg}
cgf}7f] 5 . a'4wd{ ;Totfdf nlIft x'G5 / To;}n] ;a}n] o;nfO{
/fd/| L a‰' g ;Sg ] Ifdtf gePtf klg pgLx¿ csf {] hg' Ldf
56 !fg / s?)ff k|Zgf]Q/ 57
o;sf] nflu ;fob tof/ x'G5g\ . h]ePtf klg To:tf w]/}
dflg;x¿ 5g\ hf] 7Ls zAbx¿ dfqn] jf k|f]T;fxgn] cfºgf]
1fg a9fpg of]Uo x'G5g\ . clg o;}sf/0fsf] nflu g} af}4x¿
lj:tf/} zflGtk"j{s cfºgf a'4wd{sf 1fgx¿ c¿nfO{ klg af“8\g]
k|of; ub{5g\ . a'4n] xfdLx¿nfO{ s¿0ff /fvL lzIff lbg'ePsf]
5 / xfdLx¿n ] klg c¿dfly s¿0ff /fvL l;sfpb“ 5f +} .
kZ| g M ca s¿0ffdf cfOkU' of +} . a4' wd { cg;' f/ s¿0ff egs] f ] s]
xf] <
pQ/ M 1fgn] xfdLx¿sf] :jefjsf] af}l4s cyjf eGg of]Uo
s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z u/] h:t} s¿0ffn] xfdLx¿sf] :jefjsf]
efjgfTds cyjf dxz;" ug {] kIf ;dfjz] ub5{ . 1fg h:t}
s¿0ff klg ljz]if u/L dfgjLo u'0f xf] . s¿0ff (Compassion)
cu+ h]| Ldf bO' { zAbx¿ ldn/] ags] f ] 5 . Co h;sf]
cy{;“u} eGg] x'G5 / (Passion) h;sf] cy{ ulx/f] s'/fsf]
dx;"; eGg] x'G5 . clg (Compassion) s¿0ff eg]sf] oxL
g } xf ] . ha xfdLx¿ c¿ s;n} fO { bM' v k/s] f ] bV] 5f +} / xfdLx¿n]
Tof ] bM' v cfkmn} fO { k/s] f ] h:tf ] dxz;" u5f +} / To;nfO { x6fpg
jf bM' v sd ug { hg' ko| f; u5f {+} eg ] ToxL g } s¿0ff xf ] .
To;}n] dflg;x¿df ;a}eGbf c;n ;a} a'4s} h:t} u'0fx¿–
h:t} af“8]/ lng], cf/fd lbg tof/ x'g], ;fGTjgf lbg], lrGtf
lng] / /v] bv] ug {] cflb ;a } s/0ffsf Bft] sljlb kIf xg' \ .
s¿0ffjfg \ JolQmdf c¿nfO { /v] bv] ug {] / dfof ug {] efjgfsf]
pTklQ cfkmn} fO { /v] bv] ug {] / dfof ugd{] f xG' 5 eGg ] s/' f klg
tkfOn+{ ] yfxfkfpg ' xg' 5] . xfdLn ] xfdLx¿nfO { a‰' g ;Sof +} eg]
xfdLx¿n ] c¿nfO { klg ;fR“ g } g } a‰' g ;Sg5] f +} . ;ae} Gbf c;n
s'/f s] xf] eGg] yfxf kfP kl5 xfdLx¿n] c¿x¿sf] nflu
;ae} Gbf c;n s/' f ] s ] xf ] eGg ] s/' f yfxf kfpg ;Sg5] f +} .
xfdLn] cfkm}nfO{ lrGg ;s]kl5 xfdLx¿n] c¿nfO{ klg lrGg
;Sg5] f +} . To;n} ] a4' wdd{ f a9L kf| sl[ ts 9u+ n ] Pp6fsf ] cfWoflTds
ljsf;n] c¿sf] sNof0fsf] nflu lrGtf k|:km'l/t eP/ cfp“5 .
a'4sf] hLjgLn] o;nfO{ cem lj:t[t u/]sf] 5 . pgn] cfºg}
sNof0fsf] nflu ^ jif{ ;+3if{ u/L latfP . To;kl5 pgL ;a}
dfgjdfqsf] lgldQ sNof0fsf/L dflgg of]Uo eP .
kZ| g M To;f ] eP tkfO +{ eGb } xg' x' G' 5 ls xfdLn ] cfkmn} fO { d2t
ug { ;sd] fq xfdLx¿n ] c¿nfO { c;n t/Lsfn ] d2t ug { ;Sg5] f +} .
s] of] clnslt :jfyL{ s'/f ePg / <
pQ/ M ;fwf/0ftof xfdL klxn ] c¿sf ] enfOnfO { xb] 5{ f,+} cfºgf]
eGbf klxnf c¿sf ] lrGtf lnG5f +} hg' :jfyL { efjgfsf ] 7Ls
58 !fg / s?)ff k|Zgf]Q/ 59
pN6f] 5 h;df c¿k|lt eGbf klxn] cfºg} dfq jf:tf ub{5 .
a4' wdn{ ] of ] klxnf ] jf bf;] f| n] fO { dfq xb“' g} ls a¿ ba' s} f]
;lDd>0fnfO { lnb“ 5} . jf:tjdf cfºgf ] lrGtf ugn{] ] la:tf/}
c¿sf ] lrGtf ugl{] t/ a9b\ 5 h;/L Psn ] c¿nfO { ;fR“ r } cfkm"
;dfg 7fGb5 . oxL g} jf:tljs s¿0ff xf].
7= zfsfxf/L
k|Zg M af}4x¿ zfsfxf/L x'g'kb{5, xf]Og / <
pQ/ M cfjZos 5}g . a'4 zfsfxf/L x'g'x'Gg lyof] . pxf“n]
cfºgf lziox¿nfO{ zfsfxf/L x'g] lzIff lbg'ePg / clxn] klg
5}g . w]/} c;n af}4x¿ 5g\ hf] slxNo} klg zfsfxf/L ePgg\ .
kZ| g M t/ olb tkfO +{ df; ' vfgx' G' 5 eg ] cbZ[ o ¿kn ] kf| 0fL3ftkl| t
pQ/bfoL x'g'x'G5 . o;n] klxnf] zLn eË ePg / <
pQ/ M of ] ;To xf ] ls ha tkfO { df;s' f ] ;j] g ugx{' G' 5 eg]
tkfO{ k/f]If / cf+lzs ¿kdf k|f0fL lx+;fdf pQ/bfoL x'g'x'G5
t/ To;/L g } ;To xf ] ls hg' an] f tkfO +{ ;fu;AhLsf ] ;j] g
ugx{' G' 5 . ;fu;AhLx¿ tkfOs+{ f ] vfgfsf ] yfndf sL/fn ] vfPsf
Kjfnx¿ /lxt xf]pmg\ eGgfvflt/ ls;fgn] klg cfºgf]
cGgafnLdf sL6f0f'gf;s cf}iflw / ljif 5s{g'kb{5 . clg km]l/
klg tkfO{+sf] sd/k]6Lsf] nflu cyjf Xof08Jofusf] nflu
5fnf kfpg hLjhGtx' ¿nfO { dfl/G5, tkfOn+{ ] ko| fu] ug {] ;fag' sf]
60 zfsfxf/L k|Zgf]Q/ 61
nflu klg s]xL g s]xL dfl/G5g\ . s'g} g s'g} k|sf/n] c¿x¿sf]
d[To'sf] nflu k/f]If¿kn] pQ/bfoL geO{ af“Rg k|foM c;Dej
5 . of ] Pp6f klxnf ] cfo;{ Tosf ] csf {] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf ] .
;fwf/0f cl:tTj g } bM' v / c;Gti' 6L xf ] . ha tkfO +{ klxnf]
zLn ux| 0f ugx{' G' 5 ta tkfO +{ kT| oIf¿kdf kf| 0fL3ft uga{ f6
pQ/bfoL x'g klG5g' x'G5 .
kZ| g M dxfofgL af4} x¿ df;s' f ] ;j] g ubg{} g \ .
pQ/ M Tof] s'/f ;To xf]Og . rLgdf dxfofgL af}4 wd{n]
zfsfxf/L x'gdf 7"nf] hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 t/ hfkfg / ltAatsf
dxfofgL k/Dk/fsf b'a} leIf' tyf pkf;s pkfl;sfx¿n]
;fwf/0ftof df;'sf ;]jg ub{5g\ .
k|Zg M t/ d cem} klg eGb5' ls af}4x¿ zfsfxf/L g} x'g'kb{5 .
pQ/ M olb Pp6f dflg; hf] cToGt s§/ zfsfxf/L 5 t/ pm
c;fWo :jfyL,{ c;Eo, gLr 5 / csf {] Pp6f dflg; hf ] zfsfxf/L
xf]Og t/ pm c¿sf] ljrf/ u5{, OdfGbf/ 5, pbf/ 5 / bofn'
5 eg] oL b'O{hgf dWo] s'g rf“lx c;n af}4 x'g\ <
k|Zg M Tof] dflg;, hf] OdfGbf/ / bofn' 5 .
pQ/ M lsg <
k|Zg M lsgeg] To:tf] dflg; lgZroklg c;n Xbosf] x'G5 .
pQ/ M cjZo . Pshgf df;s' f ] ;j] g ug {] dflg;sf ] Xbo z4'
xg' ;Sb5 . 7Ls To;/L g } Pshgf df;s' f ] ;j] g gugs{] f ] Xbo
cz4' xg' ;Sb5 . af4} lzIffdf tkfOn+{ ] ;j] g ug {] vfgfdf
;dfjz] ul/Psf s/' fx¿eGbf tkfOs+{ f ] Xbosf ] u0' f a9L dxTjk0" f{
s/' f xf ] . w/] } h;f ] af4} x¿ slxNo } df;s' f ] ;j] g klg gugd{' f
7"nf] Vofn /fVb5g\ t/ pgLx¿ :jfyL{ x'g], OdfGbf/ gx'g], b'i6
cyjf Oi{ ofn{ ' xg' ] s/' fdf eg ] jf:tf g } ubg{} g \ . pgLx¿n]
cfºgf] cfxf/ abNb5g\ h'g ;lhnf] klg 5 t/ Xbo kl/jt{g,
hg' ug { ufxf| ] 5, ugd{ f klg jf:tf ubg{} g \ . To;n} ] tkfO+{
zfsfxf/L xg' x' f;] \ of df;+ fxf/L a4' wdd{ f cfºgf ] dg z4' ug {' g}
;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f xf] eGg] ;DemL /fVg'k5{ .
62 efUo / bb' z{ f k|Zgf]Q/ 63
k|Zg M hfb" / eljio agfpg] s'/fdf a'4n] s;/L lzIff lbg'ePsf]
lyof] <
pQ/ M eljiosf] s'/f eGg nufpg], /Iffsf] lgldQ hfb"sf
a'6Lx¿ nufpg], lgdf{0fsf] lgldQ efUozfnL :yfgx¿ lgwf{l/t
ug,{] eljiojf0fL u/fpg ] / efUozfnL lbgx¿ lgwfl{ /t u/fpg]
cflb s'/fx¿ sfd gnfUg] cGwljZjf; l;jfo s]xL xf]Ogg\
egL a'4n] 7x¥ofpg'ePsf] 5 . To;}n] pxf“n] :ki6 ¿kdf
cfºgf lziox¿nfO{ To:tf s'/fx¿sf] cEof;df gnfUg
/f]Sg'ePsf] 5 . pxf“n] oL ;a}nfO{ …s' sd{Ú egL eGg'ePsf] 5 .
æTo;f] ePtfklg s'g} s'g} wfld{s JolQmx¿ cfºgf
ljZjf;Lx¿n] k'¥ofO/fv]sf] vfgfdf hLjg lgjf{x ub{5g\ .
pgLx¿n ] cfºgf hLjg ofkg To:t } æs ' sdÆ{ h:t } xft xg] ,{]
lrGxx¿ x]/]/ eljio eGg], ;kgfx¿sf] JofVof u/]/, ;'efUo
NofP/, efUob]jLnfO{ cfx\jfg u/]/, lgdf{0fsf] nflu efUozfnL
:yfgx¿ 5fGg] h:tf unt t/Lsf ckgfp“5g\ . uf}td a'4
8= efUo / b'b{zf
o:tf …s'sd{Ú / To:tf hLjg ofkgsf] unt t/Lsfaf6 6f9f
a:b5g\ .Æ
wDdkb !(–!@
k|Zg M To;f] eP dflg;x¿ slxn] sf“xL lsg To:tf] s'/fsf]
cEof; ub{5g\ / To;df ljZjf; ub{5g\ <
pQ/ M nf]e, eo / c1fgtfsf] sf/0fn] ub{5g\ . hlt a]nf
dflg;x¿n] a'4sf] lzIff a'‰g yfNb5g\, ltgLx¿n] cfkm} Pp6f
;fgf] 6'qmf sfuhn] eGbf, ;fgf] 6'qmf wft'n] eGbf, Pp6f s]xL
zAbx¿sf] oGqn] pRrf/0f eGbf Pp6f z'4 dgn] pgLx¿nfO{
;'/lIft ub{5g\ eGg] dxz"; ub{5g\ / To:tf s'/fx¿sf] e/
kbg{} g \ . a4' sf ] lzIffdf OdfGbf/, bofnk' g, ;dembf/L, wo} ,{
IfflGt, pbf/tf, ;RrfelQm tyf c¿ c;n u'0fx¿ 5g\ h;n]
jf:tjdf tkfOn+{ fO { ;/' Iff ub5{ / ;fR“ rs} f ] pGgltdf k¥' ofpb“ 5 .
k|Zg M t/ s'g} s'g} efUozfnL a'6Lx¿n] k|efjsf/L sfd lbG5
xf]Og / <
pQ/ M d Pp6f JolQmnfO{ lrGb5' hf] efUozfnL a'6Lx¿ a]r]/
cfºgf] hLjg latfO/x]sf] 5 . p;sf] a'6Ln] d+un ub{5, pGglt
Nofp“5 eGg] p bfaL ub{5 / tLgj6f c+sx¿ 5fGg of]Uo x'G5
eGg] arg pm lbG5 . olb p;n] eg]sf ;a} ;To x'G5g\ eg] pm
64 efUo / bb' z{ f k|Zgf]Q/ 65
cfkm} lsg s/f]8klt x'g g;s]sf] t < olb p;sf] efUozfnL
a'6Lx¿n] ;f“Rr} k|efjsf/L sfd u5{ eg] lsg p;n] xKt}lkR5]
cfkm"nfO{ lr¶f kfg{ g;s]sf] t < pm ;“u Pp6} dfq efUo
v'n]sf] 5 Tof] s] xf] eg] w]/} dflg;x¿ c1fgtfjz p;sf
efUozfnL a'6Lx¿ lslg/x]sf 5g\ .
k|Zg M To;f] eP efUo eGg] s]xL j:t' 5 t <
pQ/ M efUonfO{ zAbsf]ifn] kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 ls,
ædflg;x¿nfO{ cfºgf] 36gfqmddf df}sfaf6, b'ef{Uo jf
;e' fUoaf6 hf ] /fdf| ] jf g/fdf| ] xG' 5 To;nfO { ljZjf; ugÆ{'
a4' n ] o:tf ] ljZjf;nfO { k0" ft{ of c:jLsf/ uge{' Psf ] 5 . kT| os]
s'/f x'gdf Pp6f ljz]if sf/0f jf sf/0fx¿ x'G5g\ clg tL
sf/0f / To;sf] gtLhfsf] aLr cjZo klg s]xL ;DaGw x'g' g}
kb{5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu /f]u nfUgdf s'g} ljz]if sf/0fx¿
5g\ . /f]u nfUbf cjZo klg sL6f0f'x¿sf] ;+;u{df cfPsf]
x'g'k5{ / p;sf] z/L/ sL6f0f'n] 7fp“ lng ;Sg] u/L sdhf]/
x'g'kb{5 . sf/0f -sL6f0f'x¿ / Pp6f lga{n z/L/_ / gtLhf -
la/fdL kg{' ba' s} f aLrdf Pp6f lglZrt ;DaGw 5 . lsgeg]
xfdLnfO{ yfxf 5 ls sL6f0f'x¿n] xfd|f] z/L/sf ljleGg uf“7fx¿df
xdnf ub{5g\ / la/fdL kfb{5g\ . t/ zAbx¿ n]lvPsf] Ps
6'qmf sfuh nufpg'df, wgL x'g'df jf k/LIffdf pQL0f{ x'g'df
s]xL ;DaGw /x]sf] kfO“b}g . h] klg x'G5 ;a} sf/0f jf sf/0fx¿n]
x'G5g\, efUo, df}sf klg b'b{zfn] x'g] xf]Og egL a'4wd{n] lzIff
lbG5 . efUodf rf;f] /fVg] dflg;x¿ ;“w} s]xL kfpg] sf]lzz
ul//xG5g\– ;fwf/0ftof w]/} k};f / ;DklQ . a'4n] xfdLnfO{
lzIff lbgx' G' 5 ls xfdLx¿sf ] Xbo / dgnfO { ljsf; ug{'
;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ 5 . pxf“ eGg' x'G5 –
ulx/f] cWoog / s'zn ;Lk x'g',
/fdf| l] ;t kl| zlIft xg' ' / dL7f ] afn] L arg ko| fu] ug,{'
oL g} pQd d+un x'g\ .
cfdf afan' fO { ;xofu] ug,{'
kTgL / 5f/] f5f/] Lsf ] nfng kfng ug,{'
;fwf/0f lsl;dn ] hLjg lgjfx{ ug,{'
oL g} pQd d+un x'g\ .
pbf/, oyfy{ / cfkmGtx¿sf] nflu ;xof]uL x'g' .
cfkmn" ] ug {] sfd bfi] f/lxt xg' ,' oL g } pQd du+ n xg' \ .
bi' 6o\ fOa“ f6 6f9f xg' ,' dfbs kbfy { ;j] g gug{'
c;n sfddf lg/Gt/ nflu /xg'
oL g} pQd d+un x'g\ .
>4fn', gd|tf, ;Gt'i6L, s[t1tf / /fd|f wd{sf s'/f ;'Gg'
oL g} pQd d+un x'g\ .
;+o'Qm lgsfo @^!–@^%
66 af$} xg' ' k|Zgf]Q/ 67
kZ| g M tkfOn+{ ] clxn;] Dd h ] eGge' of ] ;f ] ;f¥x } rfv nfUof ] . d
s;/L af}4 x'g ;S5' <
pQ/ M Ps ;dodf pkfln eGg] Pshgf dflg; lyof] . pm c¿
g} wd{sf] cg'ofoL lyof] . pm a'4 sxf“ 5nkmn ug{ / jxf“nfO{
wd{ kl/jt{g u/fpg] x]t'n] Toxf“ uof] . t/ a'4;“u s'/fsfgL
u/]kl5 pm olQsf] k|efljt eof] ls p;n] a'4sf] cg'ofoL aGg]
lg0f{o u¥of] . t/ a'4n] eGg' eof]–
æklxn ] /fd/| L hfr“ /] x/] . tkfO +{ h:tf ] kl| ;4 JolQmn]
/fd/| L hfr“ /] xg] {' /fdf| ] xg' 5] .Æ
ca eujfg\n] dnfO{ æklxn] /fd|/L hf“r u/Æ egL
eGg ' xb“' f d cem w/] {} v;' L / ;Gti' 6 eP “ lsgeg ] olb c¿
wd{sf ;b:ox¿n] dnfO{ lziosf] ¿kdf u|x0f u/] eg] ltgLx¿n]
xftdf em08f lnP/ zx/sf] rf/}lt/ pkfln æxfdLx¿sf] wd{df
cfPÆ eGb} 3'Dg] unf{g\ t/ eujfg\n] dnfO{ eGg'eof] æklxn]
9= af}$ x'g'
/fd/| L hfr“ /] x/] . tkfO +{ h:tf ] kl| ;4 JolQmn ] /fd/| L hfr“ /] xg] {'
/fd|f] x'g]5 .Æ
dlHemdlgsfo @–#&(
a'4wd{df ;dembf/L Psbd} dxTjk"0f{ x'G5 /
;dembf/Ldf ;do nfUb5 . To;}n] x8a8 u/L a'4wd{df nfUg'
kbg{} . ;do np] m, kZ| gx¿ u/ / /fd/| L ljrf/ u//] x/] clg
cfkm} g} lg0f{o u/ . a'4n] a9L ;+Vofdf lziox¿ agfpg] OR5f
uge{' Psf ] lyPg . dflg;x¿n ] /fd/| L hfr“ /] x/] /] clg oyfyt{ fnfO{
ljrf/ u/]/ cfºgf lzIffx¿ /fd|/L kfng u¿g\ eGg] s'/fdf
pxf“ lrlGtt x'g'x'GYof] .
k|Zg M olb hf“r]/ x]bf{ a'4sf] lzIff :jLsf/ of]Uo kfP“ / af}4 x'g
rfx +] eg ] dn} ] ta s ] ug {' knf { <
pQ/ M /fd|f] ljxf/ cyjf af}4 ;d'bfodf ;dfj]z x'g' g} ;a}eGbf
/fdf| ] xfn] f . pgLx¿nfO { ;xofu] ugx{' f;] / pgLx¿af6 klg
;xof]u lng'xf];\ / a'4sf] lzIffnfO{ cem a9L yfxf kfpg
lg/Gt/ nfUgx' f;] \ . ha tkfO +{ tof/ xg' x' fn] f ta lq/Tgsf]
z/0f uO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf af}4 x'g'x'g]5 .
k|Zg M lqz/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/ M z/0f eg]sf] To:tf] 7fp“ xf] hxf“ dflg;x¿ cfkm"nfO{
68 af$} xg' ' k|Zgf]Q/ 69
b'Mv kbf{ cyjf ;'/Iffsf] cfjZos kbf{ hfg] u5{g\ . z/0f w]/}
lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . ha dflg;x¿ b'MvL x'G5g\ ltgLx¿ cfºgf
;fyLx¿sf] z/0fdf hfG5g\, ha pgLx¿ lrlGtt / eoeLt
x'G5g\ ta ltgLx¿ em"7f] cfzf / ljZjf;sf] z/0fdf nfU5g\ .
ha ltgLx¿df d[To' cfOnfU5 ta ltgLx¿ cnf}lss :ju{sf]
ljZjf;df z/0f n]nfg\ . t/ a'4n] eGg'eP h:t} logLx¿dWo]
s'g} klg ;f“rf z/0f xf]Ogg\ lsgeg] ltgLx¿n] oyfy{tfdf
cfwfl/t ;'v / ;'/Iff lbg ;Sb}gg\ .
;f“rf] cy{df of] z/0f ;'/lIft 5}g . of] pQd z/0f
klg xf]Og . ;a} k|sf/sf] b'Mvaf6 5'6\sf/f kfpg] z/0f klg
5}g . t/ h;n] b'Mv, b[Zosf] sf/0f, b'Mvsf] lg/f]w / b'MvnfO{
lg/fw] ug {] cfoc{ i6fl+ us dfun{ fO { k1| f bl[ i6n ] x/] L a4' , wd { /
;+3sf] z/0f lng' g} jf:tjdf ;'/lIft z/0f, pQd z/0f xf] .
oxL z/0f lnPdf hf] sf]xL klg ;a} k|sf/sf b'Mvx¿af6 d'Qm
x'g;Qm5 .
wDdkb !*(–!(@
a'4sf] z/0fdf hfg', a'4n] k|fKt u/] h:t} ;j{1 af]lw1fg
kf| Kt ug { ;lsG5 eGg ] lglZrt ¿kn ] :jLsf/ ug {' xf ] . wds{ f]
z/0f lng'sf] cy{ xf]– rt'/fo{;TotfnfO{ oyfy{ ¿kdf a'‰g'
tyf cfºgf] hLjg cfo{ci6f+lusdfu{df cfwfl/t agfpg' . ;+3sf]
z/0fdf hfg'sf] cy{ xf]– cfo{ ci6f+lus dfu{df lx8\g]x¿af6
;xofu] , k/]| 0ff / dfu { lgbz{] g kfpg ' . o:tf ] ugfn{ ] af4} xfO] G5
/ lgjf{0fsf] af6f]lt/ Ps kfOnf cl3 a9fpg ;lsG5 .
kZ| g M tkfOn+{ ] klxnf ] lqz/0f lng ' ePbl] v tkfOs+{ f ] hLjgdf s]
s] kl/jt{gx¿ eP <
pQ/ M @%)) jif { otfbl] v c;V+ o nfvf +} nfv c¿x¿n ] h:t}
a'4sf] lzIffn] o; s7f]/ ;+;f/df s]xL nfesf/L ePsf] d}n]
kfP“ . cy{xLg hLjgnfO{ pgLx¿n] cy{ lbP . pgLx¿n] dnfO{
dfgjLo / sf¿l0fs gLlt lbP h;n] d]/f] hLjg 8f]¥ofpg] 5 /
dn} ] s;/L csf {] hl' gdf ljz4' tf / ;j1{ tf kf| Kt ug { ;Sg5] '
eGg] b]vfO{ lbPsf] 5 .
k|frLg ef/tsf Pshgf sljn] n]Vg' ePsf] 5 ls–
pxf“sf] z/0f hfg', pxf“sf] u'0f ufpg', pxf“sf] ;Ddfg
ug {' / wds{ f ] lgod kfng ug {' egs] f ] /fdf| l] ;t ae' m/] sfo { ug{'
xf] .
d oL zAbx¿l;t k"0f{ ;xdt 5' .
æTo:t} d klg ;xdt 5' .Æ
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